deviance
behaviors or actions that are considered by others to be wrong, bad, or inappropriate
informal social control
one or two methods by which society and the other individuals who make up society influence behavior
examples --- staring, scorn, the cold shoulder, shunning, and telling people that they are doing something wrong
societies rely very heavily upon ________
mala in se
behaviors that are considered inherently bad and must be prohibited and punished
example --- murder
mala prohibita
behaviors that are considered problematic but not necessarily bad
example --- gambling
felony
the most serious crimes (including murder, robbery, and rape)
____________ usually carry a possible prison term of greater than one year
misdemeanor
a class of less serious crimes, usually involving punishment of less than one year in prison.
have two levels of seriousness
Classical school
18th century philosophy that contends that humans possess free will and are rational and thus make choices about how to behave
advocates consider behavior a process whereby people weight the costs of their actions and the benefits they expect to receive
Positivist school
contends that human behavior is influenced by external conditions and situations that are beyond individuals' control; things such as poverty and abusive parenting influence the likelihood that a child will grow up poor and abusive as well
retribution
a philosophy based on the belief that criminals should be punished because they have violated the law snd that the criminal justice system exists to punish wrongdoers
punishment should be commensurate with the harm committed by the criminal (an "eye for a
just deserts
appropriate punishment for a crime; an element of retribution
deterrence
philosophy that punishments should prevent crime by making potential offenders aware of the costs of crime
in effect, potential offenders will know that punishment will ensue if a crime is committed; thus, they will refrain from engaging in crime
________
specific deterrence
one of the two types of deterrence
______________________________ refers to the deterring effect of punishing a particular offender and argues that offenders who are punished for a crime will be less likely to commit that crime again because they will the
general deterrence
a subtype of deterrence theory that predicts that those contemplating the commission of a crime will be influenced by their understanding of the certainty and severity of the punishment and the speed at which that punishment will be administered
_________
rehabilitation
a philosophy of criminal justice that views criminals as "broken" and seeks to "repair" them by reformation and treatment
according to supporters of rehabilitation, once reformed, criminals will no longer engage in crime
examples --- drug treatment, menta
incapaciation
philosophy of criminal justice that argues that the role of the criminal justice system is to separate or segregate criminals from the rest of society in order to protect it
if known criminals are removed from society, advocates argue, there will be less
dark figure of crime
the total number of unreported crimes
crime rate
the number of crimes committed (or reported to authorities), usually expressed as the number of events per 1,000 or 100,000 people (or residents) per year
official statistics
one of the three types of data society gathers on crime
______________________________ are gathered by or from criminal justice institutions and usually involve crimes brought to the attention of these institutions
The most famous of these _______________
self-report statistics
one of the three types of data collected on crime
______________________________ are gathered by asking people to report the number of times they have committed a crime during a set period of time
______________________________ are often better at discove
confidentiality
in self-report surveys, a condition where the identity of a respondent is known by the the researcher but the researcher does not reveal that individual's identity
in confidential situations the information from a respondent can be traced back to an indiv
victimless crimes
class of crime in which there is no individual directly victimized
examples --- illegal drug use, underage drinking
victimization studies
one of three types of crime data collected
_________________________ ask people of they have been victims of a crime during a certain time period, and they mitigate some of the problems inherent official statistics and self-report statistics
crime-control model
philosophy of criminal justice that contends that the most important goal of the criminal justice system is to suppress crime
the goal is best achieved via the aggressive and quick apprehension, trial, and processing of criminals
due-process model
as opposed to the crime-control model, a model of criminal justice that emphasizes procedures and guidelines that the government must follow in order to adjudicate defendants
discretion
flexibility in police response
it is not possible to write a law, or a rule, that will cover every possible situation the police might encounter
the police combine their knowledge with the array of verbal and nonverbal information that attends each unique
courtroom workgroup
the people who work in and around courthouses
the term workgroup is used because these people are employed by different organizations (examples --- prosecutor's office, public defender's office, probation, corrections) and the membership changes often, us
reentry
the transition period of prisoners who are soon to be released or were recently released from prison/jail back into the community
involves providing services and assistance to these individuals and their families
recidivate
to commit a new crime after being processed by the criminal justice system, such as by arrest, conviction, or incarceration
deviance
behaviors or actions that are considered by others to be wrong, bad, or inappropriate
informal social control
one or two methods by which society and the other individuals who make up society influence behavior
examples --- staring, scorn, the cold shoulder, shunning, and telling people that they are doing something wrong
societies rely very heavily upon ________
mala in se
behaviors that are considered inherently bad and must be prohibited and punished
example --- murder
mala prohibita
behaviors that are considered problematic but not necessarily bad
example --- gambling
felony
the most serious crimes (including murder, robbery, and rape)
____________ usually carry a possible prison term of greater than one year
misdemeanor
a class of less serious crimes, usually involving punishment of less than one year in prison.
have two levels of seriousness
Classical school
18th century philosophy that contends that humans possess free will and are rational and thus make choices about how to behave
advocates consider behavior a process whereby people weight the costs of their actions and the benefits they expect to receive
Positivist school
contends that human behavior is influenced by external conditions and situations that are beyond individuals' control; things such as poverty and abusive parenting influence the likelihood that a child will grow up poor and abusive as well
retribution
a philosophy based on the belief that criminals should be punished because they have violated the law snd that the criminal justice system exists to punish wrongdoers
punishment should be commensurate with the harm committed by the criminal (an "eye for a
just deserts
appropriate punishment for a crime; an element of retribution
deterrence
philosophy that punishments should prevent crime by making potential offenders aware of the costs of crime
in effect, potential offenders will know that punishment will ensue if a crime is committed; thus, they will refrain from engaging in crime
________
specific deterrence
one of the two types of deterrence
______________________________ refers to the deterring effect of punishing a particular offender and argues that offenders who are punished for a crime will be less likely to commit that crime again because they will the
general deterrence
a subtype of deterrence theory that predicts that those contemplating the commission of a crime will be influenced by their understanding of the certainty and severity of the punishment and the speed at which that punishment will be administered
_________
rehabilitation
a philosophy of criminal justice that views criminals as "broken" and seeks to "repair" them by reformation and treatment
according to supporters of rehabilitation, once reformed, criminals will no longer engage in crime
examples --- drug treatment, menta
incapaciation
philosophy of criminal justice that argues that the role of the criminal justice system is to separate or segregate criminals from the rest of society in order to protect it
if known criminals are removed from society, advocates argue, there will be less
dark figure of crime
the total number of unreported crimes
crime rate
the number of crimes committed (or reported to authorities), usually expressed as the number of events per 1,000 or 100,000 people (or residents) per year
official statistics
one of the three types of data society gathers on crime
______________________________ are gathered by or from criminal justice institutions and usually involve crimes brought to the attention of these institutions
The most famous of these _______________
self-report statistics
one of the three types of data collected on crime
______________________________ are gathered by asking people to report the number of times they have committed a crime during a set period of time
______________________________ are often better at discove
confidentiality
in self-report surveys, a condition where the identity of a respondent is known by the the researcher but the researcher does not reveal that individual's identity
in confidential situations the information from a respondent can be traced back to an indiv
victimless crimes
class of crime in which there is no individual directly victimized
examples --- illegal drug use, underage drinking
victimization studies
one of three types of crime data collected
_________________________ ask people of they have been victims of a crime during a certain time period, and they mitigate some of the problems inherent official statistics and self-report statistics
crime-control model
philosophy of criminal justice that contends that the most important goal of the criminal justice system is to suppress crime
the goal is best achieved via the aggressive and quick apprehension, trial, and processing of criminals
due-process model
as opposed to the crime-control model, a model of criminal justice that emphasizes procedures and guidelines that the government must follow in order to adjudicate defendants
discretion
flexibility in police response
it is not possible to write a law, or a rule, that will cover every possible situation the police might encounter
the police combine their knowledge with the array of verbal and nonverbal information that attends each unique
courtroom workgroup
the people who work in and around courthouses
the term workgroup is used because these people are employed by different organizations (examples --- prosecutor's office, public defender's office, probation, corrections) and the membership changes often, us
reentry
the transition period of prisoners who are soon to be released or were recently released from prison/jail back into the community
involves providing services and assistance to these individuals and their families
recidivate
to commit a new crime after being processed by the criminal justice system, such as by arrest, conviction, or incarceration