Enlightenment
The period of history in which philosophers and reformers began to challenge the prison tradition with new ideas about the individual, limits of government, and rationalism was known as
Corrections
Programs, services, facilities, and organizations responsible for the management of people who have been convicted of criminal offenses are
Probation
Prior to the 1800, Americans copied Europeans in using physical punishment. Which of the following is NOT one of the methods used?
Penitentiary
A place that offers criminals penitence to punish and reform
The lease system was frequently used in southern prisons.
Which of the following is one way in which prisons in the southern U.S. differed from those in the northeast?
The Contract Labor System.
In this system, inmates' labor was sold on a contractual system to private employers who provided the machinery and raw materials with which inmates made salable products in the institutions.
The Community Corrections Model
Which of the following correctional models is based upon the assumption that the goal of corrections should be to reintegrate the offender into the community?
The Crime Control Model
What model of corrections is based upon the assumption that criminal behavior can be controlled by more use of incarceration and other forms of strict supervision?
Reintegration
The central goal of the community corrections approach is that of
State & Local Governments
According to the text, 95 percent of the cost of all correctional activities in the United States is paid by
Less than one year
The primary function of jails is to hold persons for how long?
Race, Gender, &/or Religion
The Fourteenth Amendment equal protection clause has been a source of protection against discrimination applied to prisoners because of their
Revocation Hearing
When parole is revoked, what type of hearing is held?
60 percent
What percent of the correctional population do people on probation currently make up?
The Penitentiary Era
What ere of corrections did The Penitentiary Act of 1779 occur in?
England
Many early American ideas regarding corrections came from
Supermax Prisions
What type of prisons house the "toughest of the tough"?
Rehabilitation Model
What model of corrections emphasizes treatment programs to help prisoners address the personal programs and issues that led them to commit crimes?
Reintegration Model
What model of corrections emphasizes maintaining the offender's ties to the family and community as a method of reform?
Corrections Officers
Which of the following prison staff are the most numerous?
Amenities
A characteristic of a well-run prison includes anything that enhances the comfort of the inmates, such as good food, clean cells, and recreational opportunities, which are referred to as
A favorable job assignment
Which of the following rewards would an inmate new to the prison be expected to earn for good behavior?
Leadership
Prisons can be governed, violence can be minimized, and services can be provided to the inmates if correctional executives and wardens exhibit
Counsel, Supervise, Protect, and Process the inmates
Correctional officers's roles have changed dramatically. They are expected to
$25,000
How much is average annual pay for correctional officers in southern, rural states?
The Inmate Code
The set of rules and values that develop within the prison social system and guide prisoners' behavior is called
Punks
These inmates will most likely be alienated from the rest of the population and targeted for abuse because they have violated the inmate code.
Doing Time
Prisoners who view their prison term as a brief, inevitable break in their criminal careers and simply a cost of doing business are considered to be what?
Cigarettes
What has the standard currency in the prison economy traditionally been?
Good Time
A primary feature of the "the mix" is anything for which one can lose what?
The Custodial Model
What model dominates most maximum security prisons today?
The Reintegration Model
Which prison model would provide the best opportunities to learn a trade or gain an education?
The Custodial Model
The goals of incapacitation, deterrence, and retribution would best be realized with this model?
Services
Programs designed to improve the lives of inmates are classified as what?
Probation & Intermediate Sanctions
What are sentences imposed for lesser offenses in an effort to avoid the expense and consequences of imprisonment?
Submit to drug testing, Report to their probation officer, Obey curfews, & Stay away from certain parts of town
Although probationers live at home and have regular jobs, they must also
To punish the offender with the least restrictive alternative
What is the principle goal of community corrections?
Supervised release under specified conditions
Probation is defined as
Europe
Fines are a preferred way of dealing with criminality and are normally the sole sanction for a wide range of crimes in what continent?
John Augustus
Probation was first developed in the United States by which boot maker?
The size of their caseloads
What is a continuing issue for probation officers
50 Percent
What percent of offenders are sentenced to probation after being found guilty of a felony?
No
Do most people on probation become career criminals?
Fines
What is the most likely punishment for a traffic violation?
Restitution
Repayment by an offender to compensate a victim for their financial loss is known as what?
Home Confinement
A type of sentence that requires the offender to remain inside an approved, designated location during specified periods is called what?
Shock young offenders out of their ways and build self esteem
What is the purpose of boot camps?
Return to criminal behavior
What is recidivism?
The state's executive branch
What branch of government do most states place probation services under?
Boot Camps or Shock Incarceration
What is an intermediate sanction administered in institutions and the community?