Proactive Crime Strategies
Anti-crime strategies initiated by the police themselves rather than citizens requesting service.
Reactive Crime Strategies
Anti-crime strategies used by police when responding to civilian requests for service.
Unfounding a crime
Failure of police officer to complete an official crime report when a citizen reports a crime.
Structural Changes
Instead of remaining at headquarters, criminal investigation investigators are assigned to a geographic area.
Procedural Changes
Effort by police to be more successful in their criminals investigations (specific units are now general).
Functional Changes
Changing the way an agency runs day to day operations.
Supply Reduction Strategy
Limiting the supply of drugs on the street by arrest, prosecution and punishment.
Demand Reduction Strategy
Lower demand of drugs by educating the public on the dangers.
GREAT program
Introduces students to conflict-resolution skills, cultural sensitivity, and gang problems.
Hate crimes
Criminal offense against someone in whole or in part by the offenders bias against a religion, race, disability, origin or sexual orientation.
Terrorism
The unlawful use of force or violence against any persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, population in furtherance of political or social objectives.
Domestic Terrorism
Terrorism planned and carried out by Americans on American soil.
Foreign Terrorism
Terrorism coordinated and perpetuated by foreign persons against the US.
Broken Windows Theory
Police should focus resources on disorder problems that create fear of crime and lead to neighborhood decay.
Social Disorder/Disorganization
A condition when a group is faced with social change, uneven development of culture, maladaptiveness, and lack of consensus.
Physical Disorder
Social neglect resulting from physical decay within a neighborhood.
Community Policing
A model of policing that stresses relationship b/w community and police. Citizens form more active role in crime control/prevention.
Mobilization
Type of community policing like neighborhood watch, operation ID and crime stoppers.
Problem Solving Policing
Assumes crime can be controlled by uncovering and effectively addressing underlying social problems.
Examples of problem-solving policing.
Counseling centers, welfare programs, and job training facilities.
Problem oriented policing
Stresses increased police response to identified crime problems.
SARA stands for
Scanning, analysis, response, assessment.
SARA created by
Eck & Spelman
Zero Tolerance Policing
Aggressive enforcement of Disorder will motivate residents to better care for their community.
Discretion
The freedom to act on Ones judgement. (Latitude in police officer decision making).
Positive uses of discrection
Proper judgement, effective use of scarce resources, individualized justice, and sound public policy.
Situational Factors
Discretion is influenced by the circumstances of each situation.
2 categories of police discretion.
Legal and extralegal.
Factors limited patrol officer discretion.
Legal, administrative, and organizational culture factors.
Preference of the victim
An arrest is more likely to occur when the victim requests it.
Suspect Demeanor
A major factor in arrest decisions. Increased when suspect is antagonistic.
Force Factor
A framework for examining an officers use of force in relation to the actions of a citizen to help determine if the actions were reasonable.
Informational organizational culture.
Values/traditions inherited from England and places primary protection responsibilities with local governments.
Local Political Culture
Values and traditions in a town that influence the organizational structure of policing in that area.
Administrative Rulemaking
Guides the exercise of police discretion through written rules and required report writing.
CALEA Accreditation Standards
Requires police officers to file written reports after each incident and to have those reports automatically reviewed by supervisors.
Standard Operations Procedure Manual
SOPl written rules and policies of a department.
Limits of Administrative Rulemaking
Impossible to write a rule for every situation, rules encourage lying/evasion, create more uncertainty, officers think rules are "out to get them".
Police-Community Relations
Relations between the police and racial and ethnic minority communities.
Race
A group of people classified together on the basis of physical and biological similarities.
Ethnicity
Cultural differences that categorize a group of people.
Discrimination
Differential treatment based on some extralegal category, such as race, ethnicity, and gender.
Disparity
Differences or inequalities that are not necessarily caused by differential treatment.
Enforcing Immigration Laws
1996 Immigration Reform authorized local police to help enforce federal immigration laws.
Police Corruption
Misconduct or deviant behavior by police officers that involves the misuse of authority in a matter designed for personal gain.
Occupational deviance
Criminal and improper behavior committed during work or under the guise of a police officer's authority.
Abuse of Authority
Actions of a cop under his authority that tends to injure, insult or trespass on human dignity.
Gratuities
Gifts/favors given to officers.
Grass Eater
Officer that passively accepts gratuities offered to them.
Meat Eater
Officer who actively and aggressively demands gratuities.
Bribes
Something offered or given in the hope of influencing that individual's views or conduct.
Rotten Apple
In an otherwise honest department there are 1 or 2 bad officers operating on their own.
Rotten Pockets
Several corrupt officers cooperate with eachother to promote their corrupt activities.
Pervasive Unorganized Corruption
When a majority of officers are corrupt but still have little or no contact with eachother.
Pervasive Organized Corruption
Corruption that is organized and penetrates higher levels of a department.
Low-Visibility Work
Officers generally work alone with no direct supervision. Temptation is high and risk of being caught is low.
Accountability
Having to answer for one's conduct.
Citizen's Surveys
A technique to find out how the citizens percieve the behavior of the police department.
COMPSTAT
First used by NYPD and allows departments to use timely intelligence, effective tactics, rapid deployment and follow of and assessment.
Internal Mechanisms of Accountability
The police department must police itself.
Routine Supervision
Every supervision of patrol officers by sergeants.
Span of control
The number of police personnel or the number of units supervised by a particular commander.
Computer Aided Dispatch (CAD)
Allows dispatcher to know more about the conditions of the officer and the officer to recieve more information about the suspect.
Records Management Systems
Used to input and organize information from different types of reports in one easy-to-access format.
Tactical Crime Analysis
Identifies specific crime problems in particular geographic areas.
Strategic Crime Analysis
Focuses on long-term crime trends. Information is used to develop strategic plans to address particular problems.
Administrative Crime Analysis
Focuses on providing summary stats and data to police managers.
Demographic Change
Effects of migration and immigration on a population and what these mean to police departments.
Crime Maping
The computer recording and display of crimes based on geographic location.
Taser
Tom Swift's Electric Rifle
Non-lethal weapons
Don't pose serious injury or death.
War on Terrorism
Changed our foreign policy, intelligence lead policing.
Situational Prevention Strategies
Increase the effort it takes to commit the crime, deflect the offenders, reduce the awards, reduce provoctions (disputes), remove excuses, control access to enhancement factors.
3 Responsibilities of a police agency
Controlling, preventing and detecting crime.
Uniform Crime Report
Annual summary of crime reported by the local police to the FBI.(useful but incomplete picture).
Entraptment
Police provided opportunity AND lawful intent.
4 Dimensions of Police Trust
Priorities, Competence, Dependability, and Respect
Most common complaint by minorities
Use of physical force.
Fleeing Felon Rule
Deemed police to use deadly force in apprehending a felon attempting to escape.
Tennessee v Garner
Abolished felon fleeing rule.
Early Intervention System
System that compiles and analyzes data on problematic officers behavior.