What role do distractions play in grade performance? How is technology related to this?
Lab based studies reveal a decrement in performance on tasks of comprehension related to:
Text Messages
Facebook
Emails
Laptop use
What is the relationship between study time and GPA?
No relationship between total study time and overall gpa
What did the Schuman study and the Crede and Kuncel study find?
Schuman: Trying to find positive relation between study time and gpa, but couldn't prove that
Crede & Kuncel: Proved that there was no relationship between total study time and gap
What type of time is related to performance in college courses? Which direction?
Undistracted periods of time, spaced time versus crammed studying;
What is the role of innate intelligence in accounting for grade performance? Does this predict most of how well students do in their courses? Know an alternative to the intelligence account.
-people who perform well in courses are intelligent, but more importantly utilize their intelligence with consistent studying and regular attendance
-no because someone could be really intelligent, but lazy and their are students who aren't as intelligent
What is the difference between intellective and non-intellective factors?
-Intellective: how smart you are naturally.
-Non-intellective: study strategies, habits, and everything else.
What is the difference between deliberate practice and practice that is defined by repeating an activity many times with the goal of improvement?
Deliberate practice is defined by goal directed activities, requiring high levels of effort and concentration with the aim of making specific improvements in performance
Are there differences between groups of violinists in how they organize their time? How might this relate to college student performance?
High performing violinists had more regimented schedules than lower skilled violin players.
Know the difference between rereading textbook and notes and self-recalling information. Which of these is a better predictor of increases in grade performance?
-rereading textbook information doesn't show concentrated intake of the material and doesn't require active thought and focus whereas self recall is active thought and focus to bring back the material you already learned
-Reread Notes or Text
Review book
Wilhelm Wundt
-established the first psychology lab in 1879
-background in medicine
-studied "atoms" of the mind by measuring reaction time
-structuralism and functionalism
Edward B. Titchener
-background in anatomy
-Associated with Structuralism
-obsessed with lab work and structure of the mind
-Pioneered introspection (the examination or observation of ones own mental and emotional processes)
William James
-Opposed to lab work
-background in physiology
-believed in "stream of consciousness"
-influenced by Darwin
-Associated with functionalism
-interested in emotion
-concerned with the whole rather than individual pieces
Sigmund Freud
-Ideas were kind of "out there"
-background in psychoanalysis
-emphasized sexual drives
-popularized the "talking cure
John B. Watson
-Founder of behaviorism dominance (1920-1960)
-Science should be rooted in observation
-stimulus=response focus
B.F. Skinner
-Operant conditioning
-Didn't believe in the 'black box"
-behaviorism
-rejected cognitive revolution
Noam Chomsky
-behaviorism
-critical of Skinner's work
-Linguist, philosopher, cognitive psychologist
-contributed to the field of theoretical linguistics
Mental Life
(1879-1920) first era of psychology
Introspection
examination or observation of ones own mental and emotional processes
Behaviorism
Behaviorist Dominance
(1920-1960)
Rooted in observation; what we can see, not whats going on in the mind (science of behavior not mind)
Cognitive Revolution
(1960-present)
-unblocking the "black box"
-understanding the mind and thoughts
-how we encode, process, store, and retrieve information
-memory, aging, language development, skill learning
Know some of the different disciplines in psychology that exist today and some of the focuses of those disciplines. (cognitive psychology, neuroscience, etc.)
-Cognitive
-Unlocking the black box
-How we encode, process, store, and retrieve information
-Neuroscience
-How the body and brain enable emotions and memories
-Social cultural Psychology
-How behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures.
-Ev
Know the source of Sigmund Freud's ideas of psychology and pathology and the shortcomings in the way he developed his ideas.
� Known for psychoanalysis
� popularized the "talking cure"
� saw patients with hysteria (physical symptoms without a physical cause)
� talking about stresses ? physical symptom left
� not much research done for his work
� not always applicable
Understand Tichener's views on introspection and what exactly they entailed.
� interested in structurism (strucctual elements of the mind)
� focus on lab work and developing strict process
� developed lab manual
Know how William James thought of psychology and how his approach towards psychology differed from Wundt and Tichener.
-William James was concerned with the whole rather than individual parts, interested in tangible information, and concerned with how something fit rather than how its measured.
Know why behaviorism came to dominate the field of psychology and what led to the eventual downfall of its dominance. Understand the historical dominance of behaviorism from 1920 to 1960. Know what figures are associated with the movement of behaviorism.
-Why behaviorism came to dominate the field of Psy:
-Downfall: The development of the computer and its comparison to the brain.
-FIgures associated w/ movement of behaviorism:
-View of behaviorist on Introspection: Science should be rooted in observation
Understand the contribution of Noam Chomsky and his impact on Skinner and behaviorism.
-He was focused on linguistics in Psychology and published an influential critique of B. F. Skinner's Verbal Behavior, a book in which Skinner offered a speculative explanation of language in behavioral terms. "Asking for water is different from respondin
What is the Black Box as we talked about it in class? Who thought it was important? Who thought it was unimportant? Be able to fully understand this concept.
-A system of input/output of an observable stimulus entering in an imaginary box and a varied observable response was created out of the box.
-The thought process between the stimulus and the response
Who was Jean Piaget? What era is he associated with? Why is he important?
Who?
-Regarded as one of the most influential psychologists of the 20th century
Stimulated interest in cognitive
milestones
Children no longer thought of as
adults
Stages may have been too rigid
What Era?
-Child psychology
Why is he Important?
-He is thou
Encoding
processing information into system
Storage
Retaining information into our brains
Retrieval
Getting the information out of storage
Atkinson & Shiffrin's memory model
(IN NOTEBOOK)
Baddeley's working memory model
(IN NOTEBOOK)
Declared Encoding
remembering things like phone number, patterns, definitions, peoples names
Non-Declared Encoding
remembering abstract things
Hermann Ebbinghaus
-displayed first experimental research about memory using trigrams, we can do things to enhance our later recall, rehersal matters and the importance of spacing in learning, people play an important role in learning
Rehearsal
enhances our later recall, important in learning
Spacing Effect
spacing out when learning enhances our later recall, important in learning
Serial Position Effect
the primacy and recency affects
Primacy
-words in a list tend to be memorized at a greater level at the beginning of the list
-more likel to stay in your brain (long term memory) than recency effect
Recency Effect
-Better memory for words that are at the end of the list
-wont go into long term memory, whereas primacy effect is more likely to stay in your brain
Mnemonics
Memory aids, techniques that use vivd imagery and organization devices
ex. acronyms
Sensory Memory
0.5-4 secs, info is received, large majority of what comes in is forgotten, small capacity
Iconic Memory
type of sensory memory, Sperling, vision, .2-.4 seconds
George Miller's 7 +/-2
iconic memory 7 is the magic number
Implicit Memory
long term memory, nondeclarative, without conscious recall, ex: skill motor and cognitive and dispositions- classical and operant conditioning events
Explicit Memory
long term memory, declarative, conscious recall, ex: facts, general knowledge(semantic memory) and personal experienced events(episodic recall)
Priming
you are primed with a word list before you get a list of words with blanks in them and are able to fill it out
Context dependent memory
when you learn and recall in the same environment it is recalled better
State dependent memory
alcohol and marijuana
Mood dependent memory
recall is better for similar mood related memories
Deese-Roedigger-Mcdermott
false memories, critical lure: the word the researches want you to report though it was not in the word list. (wake, dream, awake, tired. People said sleep even though it was not on the list)
Misinformation effect
info learned after an event may affect memory construction (hot air balloon thing, Loftus and Palmer, Elizabeth Loftus)
D�j� vu
schema driven memory
Source Monitoring Errors
you forget where you got the information from, schema driven memory
Know the difference between the two memory models we talked about in class.
What is the difference between the two?
Which is the more complex model?
What did this model add?
Which model gave the individual more freedom? (remember to add baddeley's model t
� Atkinson & Shiffrin model
- Added: provided a basis for looking at memory
-Does not consider potential subsystems for the brain processing information
� Beddeley model
� Added: subsytems for how our mind divides information
� Allows for more freedom for
Know the contributions of Ebbinghaus to the history of Memory. What was the design of the study that he performed? Who was his subject(s)? What concepts did he look at in his study and what did he find?
-He displayed the first experimental research about memory, taught that rehearsal matters, the importance of space learning, people play an important role in how they remember info.
-He created the serial position curve.
What is the serial position effect?
How do primacy and recency play into this effect?
What are the processes that allow enhanced memory for primacy and recency?
� Serial Position Effect: greater recall at the beginning (primacy) and end (recency)
� Primacy- greater recall because listener is actively engaged in control processes (i.e. repetition)
� Recency: increased recall (in comparison to intermediate informat
What does it take to be a champion mnemonist?
Does photographic memory contribute to the mnemonists abilities?
What methods were used in the video to quickly encode the cards?
-Encoding, memory techniques, creating stories to remember, making strong memories.
-No. There is no such thing as a photographic memory
-Giving each card a code word
What part does non-declared processing play in memory?
What part does space, time and frequency play in non-declared processing. May this have more important contributions to memory than we have initially considered?
-skills-motor, and cognitive memory. Its memory without conscious recall
-� Frequency is more likely to increase recognition and response
� Our brains make more connections than we consciously recognize
Know George Sperling's experiment that looked at iconic memory. Know what time span is associated with Iconic Memory and a possible function of that span. That we talked about in class. Also know what echoic memory is and the span and function that is ass
-Image flashed 1/20 s
Low, Med, High tone
Subjects were successful if response was immediate.
-0.2-0.4 seconds that connects images into sequences.
-3-4 seconds that is usually a temporary hearing memories.
Know the original research by George Miller about digit span.
Also, know why there are researchers that disputed the claim that people can hold 7 digits in memory.
What are some of the other ideas about the pieces of information we can maintain in memory?
� The average digit span was 7 (�2)
� Disputed because this average allows rehearsal of numbers by subject
� When rehearsal was prevented, average span of 3-4 digits
� Our ability to rehearse information greatly increases recall
How do working memory and short term memory differ? What is working memory more often associated with?
working memory stresses the processing and volitional control of info that is being held, combination of multiple components working togethers, refers to the attention related aspects of STM
What is the difference between implicit and explicit memory? Know which brain areas are associated with each of these. Which one of these does priming apply to? Remember the example of finishing the blanks that we did in class. Know what people with amnes
� Implicit memory: memories we access without conscious recall
o The cerebellum
� Explicit memory: memories of facts and experiences that we consciously know and can declare
o The hippocampus
� Amnesia: can maintain conditioned learning (things that may c
Know how context contributes to memory.
Know the Godden & Baddeley diver experiment.
Know state and mood dependent memory also.
Know the part alcohol and marijuana play in state dependent memory.
Know how to apply depressed mood to mood dependent memory.
� Experiment tested subject with 40 words on land or in water? memory was best when in same state as when words were learned
� State-dependent: better recall when in the same physical or mental state as learning
� Mood-dependent: recall is better for simi
What is the Deese Roedigger Mcdermott test and what does it tell us about memory?
� Deese-Roedigger-McDermott test: series of related words read to subject and tests for recall. Subject often is confident that a related word was a part of the list
-Example: bed, tired, dream, snooze, nap
-Subject will indicate sleep was in list (that w
What is the misinformation effect and who is most well known for doing this research.
Know the research that was done with the car accidents. Know how this applies to court testimony and child abuse.
-Misinformation effect: providing people with misleading information after an event that leads to fictitious memories
-Loftus and Palmer asked questions about a car accident
- Varied use of hit, smashed, bumped, collided, etc
-When words carried more sugg
Is human memory like a camera?
Think about this in terms of the 60 minutes video that we saw. What are some of the different flaws in memory and what may explain them (d�j� vu, source monitoring errors)
-No. It does NOT work like a camera, it is an active, constructive process.
-?
Tabula Rasa
said you're born with nothing and everything is taught to you. John Locke
Longitudinal Studies
a type of research method used to discover relationships between variables that are not related to various background variables. This observational research technique involves studying the same group of individuals over an extended period of time.
Cross-sectional studies
a research method often used in developmental psychology, but also utilized in many other areas including social science and education. This type of study utilizes different groups of people who differ in the variable of interest, but share other characte
Schema
driven memory, all information we know about a topic
Assimilation
taking new info and fitting into a schema
Accommodation
adopting new experiences into existing schema
Object permanence
sensorimotor
Egocentrism
not seeing the world outside of your own view, preoperational
Jean Piaget
He studied cognitivism. He examined the role of mental processes on behavior. He was influential in many areas, such as language, problem solving, concept formation, intelligence, memory, and psychotherapy.
Temperament
basic emotional style that appears early in development and is largely genetic in origin
Recall
declines with age, just the question
Recognition
remains stable, multiple choice
Crystalized intelligence
facts, trivia, information, accumulated knowledge, remains stable or increases with age
Fluid intelligence
abstract reasoning and speed, decreases with age, solving puzzles
What are the three major issues that are looked at in developmental psychology?
Be able to understand them and identify examples about each one of these issues.
Where do we stand on these issues today?
-Nature v.s Nurture
The debate of how much our development is influenced by our genetic inheritance and how much is by our experience.
* no consensus
-Stability v.s Change
The debate of whether or not our individual traits persist or do we become differen
Know the difference between longitudinal and cross sectional studies.
What are the benefits and disadvantages of each.
-Cross sectional: Assess groups of differing ages, usually at the same time
*Benefits:
-No need to track people over their life to keep up with study
-Less expensive
-Less resources needed
-Quick
*Disadvantages:
-assumes similarity between age groups
-can
At what time during an infant's development are the number of neurons highest in the brain?
At what point are the number of synaptic connections highest.
Which lobe of the brain shows the most growth throughout the life of a person?
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What was Piaget's stance on children thinking like adults with less experience? Know what happens in each of Piaget's stages. Be able to explain the important cognitive advances that occur during each one of these stages. What was Piaget's legacy? What do
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Know each step of Kohlberg's moral ladder (stages of moral development). When do each of these levels typically occur? Be able to identify real world examples of these. Is there any bias in Kohlberg's stages?
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Be familiar with typical declines associated with the aging population. What kind of cognitive operations are declining in function. What type of abilities do not decline in function? Think about this in terms of the different kinds of intelligence and in
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