1. psychology
The scientific study of behavior and mental processes. (video lesson, objective 1)
2. Wilhelm Wundt
A German physiologist who is generally credited as being the founder of psychology. Founded the first psychology research laboratory in 1879. (objectives 2 & 3)
3. Edward B. Titchener:
Born in England, He became a psychology professor at Cornell University in 1892, where he departed from Wundt's position and developed his own ideas on the nature of psychology, called structuralism, which became the first major school of thought in psych
4. William James
A Harvard professor who was instrumental in establishing psychology in the United States in 1890. His ideas became the basis of another early school of thought in psychology, called functionalism. (objective 3)
5. structuralism
The first major school of thought in psychology. It holds that even our most complex conscious experiences can be broken down into elemental structures, or component parts, of sensation and feeling (objective 5)
6. functionalism
Early school of psychology that emphasized studying the purpose, or function, of behavior and mental experience. (objective 5)
7. psychoanalysis
Personality theory and form of psychotherapy that emphasizes the role of unconscious factors in personality and behavior. (objective 6)
8. Sigmund Freud
An Austrian physician who developed the personality theory based on uncovering the hidden, or unconscious, causes of behavior. Largely credited as making psychology a household word. Recognized as one of the most influential thinkers of the twentieth cent
9. behaviorism
School of psychology and theoretical viewpoint that emphasizes the study of observable behaviors, especially as they pertain to the process of learning. (objective 6)
10. humanistic psychology
School of psychology and theoretical viewpoint that emphasizes each person's unique potential for psychological growth and self-direction. (objective 6)
11. Ivan Pavlov
A Russian physiologist whose pioneering work led to the creation of behaviorism. (objectives 2 & 3)
12. B. F. Skinner
An American psychologist who is famous for his study of observable behaviors and experiments using reinforcement and punishment to shape behavior. (objective 3)
13. Carl Rogers
An American psychologist who is credited with the development of humanistic psychology and the emphasis on each person's individual potential. (objective 3)
14. neuroscience
The study of the nervous system, especially the brain. (objective 7)
15. positive psychology
The study of positive emotions and social institutions that foster positive individuals and communities. (objective 6)
16. evolutionary psychology:
The application of principles of evolution, including natural selection, to explain psychological processes and phenomena. (objective 10)
17. culture
The attitudes, values, beliefs, and behaviors shared by a group of people and communicated from one generation to another. (objective 9)
18. cross-cultural psychology:
Branch of psychology that studies the effects of culture on behavior and mental processes. (objective 9)
19. ethnocentrism
The belief that one's own culture or ethnic group is superior to all others, and the related tendency to use one's own culture as a standard by which to judge other cultures. (objective 9)
20. individualistic cultures
Cultures that emphasize the needs and goals of the individual over the needs and goals of the group. (objective 9)
21. collectivistic cultures
Cultures that emphasize the needs and goals of the group over the needs and goals of the individual. (objective 9)
22. biological psychology
A specialty area of psychology that focuses on the relationship between psychological processes and the body's physical systems. (objectives 4 & 7)
23. clinical psychology
A specialty area of psychology that studies the causes, treatment, and prevention of different types of psychological disorders. (objectives 4 & 8)
24. cognitive psychology
The branch of psychology that investigates mental processes, including reasoning and thinking, problem solving, memory, perception, mental imagery, and language. (objectives 4 & 6)
25. educational psychology
A specialty area of psychology that studies how people learn. Develops instructional methods and materials. (objectives 4 & 7)
26. experimental psychology:
A term traditionally used to describe research focused on basic topics, such as sensory processes or principles of learning. However, psychologists in every field conduct research and perform experiments. (objective 4)
27. developmental psychology
The branch of psychology that studies the physical, social, and psychological changes that occur over the lifespan. (objectives 4 & 7)
28. health psychology
The branch of psychology that focuses on the role of psychological factors in the development, prevention, and treatment of illness. (objectives 4 & 7)
29. industrial/organizational psychology
A specialty area of psychology that is concerned with the relationship between people and work. Includes such topics as worker productivity, job satisfaction, and personnel testing and selection. (objectives 4 & 8)
30. personality psychology
The branch of psychology that examines individual differences and the characteristics that make each person unique. (objectives 4 & 7)
31. social psychology
Explores how people are affected by their social environments, including how people think about and influence others. (objectives 4 & 6)
32. psychiatry
Medical specialty area focused on the diagnosis, treatment, causes, and prevention of mental and behavioral disorders. (objectives 4 & 6)
33. counseling psychology
A specialty area of psychology that helps people of all ages adjust, adapt, and cope with personal and interpersonal problems, resolve crises, and increase their ability to live more highly functioning lives. It is unique in its attention both to normal d
forensic psychology
A specialty area of psychology that applies psychological principles and techniques to legal issues, such as assessment and treatment of offenders, mental competency to stand trial, child custody, jury selection, and eyewitness testimony. (objective 4)
35. rehabilitation psychology
A specialty area of psychology that applies psychological knowledge to helping people with chronic and disabling health conditions to adapt to their situation and attain optimal psychological, interpersonal, and physical functioning. (objective 4)
36. sports psychology
A specialty area of psychology that uses psychological theory and knowledge to enhance athletic motivation, performance, and consistency. (objective 4)
37. Charles Darwin
English naturalist and scientist whose theory of evolution through natural selection was first published in On the Origin of Species in 1859. (objectives 2 & 10)
38. G. Stanley Hall:
American psychologist who established the first psychology research laboratory in the United States; founded the American Psychological Association. (objective 2)
39. Mary Whiton Calkins:
American psychologist who conducted research on memory, personality, and dreams; became the first woman president of the American Psychological Association. (objectives 4 & 7)
40. Margaret Floy Washburn
American psychologist who was the first woman to earn a doctorate in psychology in the United States; published research on mental processes in animals. (objectives 4 & 7)
41. Francis C. Sumner
American psychologist who was the first African American to receive a doctorate in psychology in the United States; became chairman of the psychology department at Howard University. (objectives 4 & 7)
42. John B. Watson
American psychologist who founded behaviorism, emphasizing the study of observable behavior and rejecting the study of mental processes. (objective 6)
43. Abraham Maslow
American humanistic psychologist who developed a theory of motivation. (objective 6)