this model has the most buzz
biological model
freud and childhood experienes
psychoanalytic model
studied animal behavior and imprinting of ducklings and critical windows
Lorenz
the best predictor of someones future behavior is their past behavior
meehls maxim
The mind is what the brain does
biological model
implicitly assuming that free will does not exist
determinism
Focus on personality as result of information processing in brain
cognitive model
Just wants to get most accurate description and measurement of personality
trait approach
Our self image is an important part of who we are even if its distorted
self report
you are a blank slate
behavioral model
mind and body are two distinct entities, contrasts with biological model
mind body dualism
the report most personality is attained through
self report
You have access to your own thoughts
You have much more interest in yourself
How you perceive yourself is still important
Hella easy
pros of self report
We believe we are smarter kinder and more generous than we really are- our view of ourselves are biased
Unwilling to give all data
Vastly over-used method
dunning krueger
cons of self report
incompetence leads to over confidence
dunning krueger
We are aware of others blind spots
We can infer peoples thoughts and feelings
Other peoples opinions matter
pros of informant
Limited information
Bias
Fundamental attribution error
cons of informant
when we do something stupid we believe it is because of the situation, when someone else does something stupid it is because of their personality
fundamental attribution error
hidden camera
naturalistic
public records
life outcome
heuristic
rule of thumb
an individuals characteristic pattern of behavior, thoughts, and feelings- stable over time and across situations
personality
discomfort when you hold something to be true when its bumped up against evidence that says its not true
cognitive dissonance
instantly spot weaknesses in opposing views, ignore our own
motivated reasoning
common tendency to cherry pick information that supports our beliefs and ignore information that doesn't agree
confirmation bias
certain beliefs that we hold influence us because we are part of a group
in group bias
belief must be true because authority says so
arguments from authority
evaluating each claim based on available evidence and logic
critical thinking
first scientist from greece
thales
a stable attribute of personality
trait
the only personality factor that has shown any reliability in predicting life outcomes
grit
doing something for 10,000 hours will not make you be any better but you have to push your limits and you can get better
10,000 hour rule
Traits are based on a continuum, you are not 100 percent introvert or extravert
continuum
If you look at somebody in different situations their level of extraversion will vary across different situations
mischel and marshmallow test
looking at a very small sample of behavior
thin slice
Pearson correlation can vary from
-1 to 1
1/3 1/3 1/3
trait, unique quirks, situation
These tests are not actual valid and they don't measure what they claim to measure
projective tests
who is trained in TAT tradition
westen
each item rationally derives from underlying theory in a very straight forward way
If you are measuring their level of grit, you could have items on the test that have to do with how tough they are
rational method
data driven (not relying on theory)
Take hundreds of items and find correlations and put them on a personality test
Its hard to "fake" a reply
empirical method
correlation coefficients get smaller compared to original sample
shrinkage
Extended version of rational method
5 underlying factors. The big FIVE
factor analysis
the big 5
neuroticism, openness, agreeableness, extroversion, conscientiousness
willpower increases until
25
you take on an individual/groups emotional state: suicide
emotional contagion
If you get every single word that could possible describe personality and we have you rate yourself on all of these different words and then you have factor analysis that you can extract someone's personality
lexical hypothesis
Based on emotional reactivity to negative emotions
cortisol
pumpkin seed fish
neuroticism
stress hormone
cortisol
who created the terms extroversion and introversion
Carl Jung
neuroticism facets
anxiety, anger, depression, self consciousness, immoderation, vulnerabilty
extroversion facets
friendliness, gregariousness, assertiveness, activity level, excitement seeking, cheefulness
openness facets
imagination, artistic interests, emotionality, adventurousness, intellect, liberalism