Although both personality disorders are characterized by avoiding social situations, _____ individuals desperately want social contact while _____ individuals prefer to be alone.
avoidant; histrionic
schizoid; avoidant
histrionic; narcissistic
avoidant; s
avoidant; schizoid
For someone with _____, an action must be performed in order to alleviate anxiety associated with a recurring thought.
obsessive-compulsive disorder
antisocial personality disorder
phobic disorder
generalized anxiety disorder
obsessive compulsive disorder
What did the studies that investigated the hippocampal volume of Vietnam veterans and their identical twins find?
increased hippocampal volume for both war veterans with PTSD and their twin
increased hippocampal volume for war veterans with PTSD but not t
decreased hippocampal volume for both war veterans with PTSD and their twin
John is a first-year college student at a local university. He was diagnosed with a condition that involves an irrational fear of being publicly humiliated or embarrassed. John was most likely diagnosed with
generalized anxiety disorder.
bipolar.
obsessiv
social phobia
Which was a major distinction between the DSM-II and the following editions (DSM-III and DSM-IV)?
The later editions were the first to discuss cultural syndromes (what were then known as culture-specific disorders).
The later editions were the first to in
The later editions contained very detailed lists of symptoms that had to be present for a disorder to be diagnosed.
In examining possible neurological explanations for ADHD, some research has found structural and functional abnormalities in the _____ associated with attention and behavioral inhibition.
lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus
optical chiasm areas
tem
frontosubcortical networks
_____ is a positive symptom of schizophrenia.
Lack of speech
Hallucinations
Apathy
Withdrawal
Hallucinations
_____ is a negative symptom of schizophrenia.
Delusions
Hallucinations
Apathy
Disorganized speech
apathy
The DSM defines a child as suffering from conduct disorder when (s)he meets at least 3 of a list of 15 symptoms. As a result, there are approximately ________ different combinations of symptoms that could lead to this diagnosis.
21,000
32,000
43,000
54,00
32,000
Ani had never experienced any symptoms of depression until her mother died. Ani's doctor tells her that she was probably predisposed to depression but did not actually exhibit symptoms until a major life event triggered the depression. The _____ model bes
diathesis-stress
In response to negative emotional words, psychopaths show less activity in the _____ than do noncriminals.
somatosensory cortex
corpus callosum
amygdala and hippocampus
entire limbic system
amygdala and hippocampus
According to studies conducted in 2005 and 2010, approximately ____ percent of adults in the United States reported experiencing obsessions or compulsions at some point in their lives, but only ____ percent of them went on to be diagnosed with obsessive-c
65; 4
Monica has just gone through the first major depressive period in her life and did not seek out any treatment for the symptoms she experienced. What is the likelihood that she will experience another one at some point?
She has a 2 percent chance of recurr
She has an 80 percent chance of recurrence.
Janet has felt depressed for over 3 years. Some of the time her mood is not severely affected, but she almost always has trouble sleeping and is not interested in food, socializing, sex, or work. Other times she's overcome by her feelings of worthlessness
double depression
Which factor has NOT been demonstrated to influence the likelihood that an individual will experience generalized anxiety disorder?
low income
an individual's weight
living in a large city
one's gender
an individual's weight
_____is a psychological disorder characterized by chronic physiological arousal, recurrent unwanted thoughts or images of the trauma, and avoidance of things that call the event to mind.
Acute stress disorder
Chronic stress disorder
Posttraumatic stress d
Posttraumatic stress disorder
Individuals with this personality disorder exaggerate their own achievements and often make a very good first impression.
borderline
histrionic
narcissistic
dependent
narcissistic
Approximately ____ percent of boys and ____ percent of girls meet the criteria for ADHD.
4; 2
8; 12
10; 4
20; 12
10;4
According to the helplessness theory, how will someone who feels helpless MOST likely to react after not passing his driving test the first time?
"I didn't practice enough. Next time I'll practice more and pass without a problem."
"The test administrator
What would be the point of trying again? I'm never going to get my license.
After experiencing a terrifying event, such as living or working in a war zone or being physically attacked, it is not uncommon to develop:
cognitive deficits.
high blood pressure but no psychological disturbances.
posttraumatic stress disorder.
an autoim
posttraumatic stress disorder.
The disorder characterized by excessive worry accompanied by three or more of these symptoms: restlessness, fatigue, concentration problems, irritability, muscle tension, and sleep disturbance, is called:
agoraphobia.
claustrophobia.
generalized anxiety d
GAD
Which is a key factor in qualifying a group of symptoms as a psychological disorder?
The symptoms are seen as unusual in the society in which they occur.
The person feels a need to see a professional counselor or therapist.
The person responds to unpleasa
The symptoms cause significant distress or impairment.
The average duration of a major depressive episode is:
one week.
three weeks.
twelve weeks.
two years.
twelve weeks.
There appears to be a relationship between _____ and the progression of schizophrenia.
smoking
major depressive episodes
biological changes in the brain such as a dramatic loss of gray matter
positive environmental influences such as experiencing a loving
biological changes in the brain such as a dramatic loss of gray matter
Obsessive-compulsive disorder is associated with heightened activity in the:
left prefrontal cortex.
caudate nucleus of the basal ganglia.
posterior striate cortex.
medial temporal hippocampus.
caudate nucleus of the basal ganglia.
Someone with a history of aggressive, violent behavior and a criminal record is MOST likely to have _____ personality disorder.
antisocial
histrionic
avoidant
schizoid
antisocial
_____ is likely to "run in the family," suggesting a significant genetic influence in causing the mood disorder.
Major depression
Posttraumatic stress disorder
Agoraphobia
Specific phobia
major depression
In one theory of autism spectrum disorder, the condition is described as a combination of deficits in ________ and superior abilities in ________.
emoting; intellectualizing
empathizing; systematizing
rationalizing; realizing
verifying; collaborating
empathizing; systematizing
Which neurotransmitter seems to play a role in generalized anxiety disorder?
dopamine
serotonin
GABA
norepinephrine
GABA
What are the three main categories of personality disorders in the DSM-5?
anxious/inhibited, cognitive/smart, and dramatic/erratic
odd/eccentric, anxious/inhibited, and dramatic/erratic
dramatic/erratic, irrational/illogical, and odd/eccentric
odd/eccentr
odd/eccentric, anxious/inhibited, and dramatic/erratic
Which symptom of schizophrenia is described as a false belief system that is upheld even though it is irrational?
hallucinations
delusions
blunted affect
catatonic behavior
delusions
The _____ is the classification system used for diagnosis of psychological disorders.
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Psychosis
Medical Guide of Mental Disorders
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
_____ is characterized by the profound disruption of basic psychological processes; a distorted perception of reality; altered or blunted emotion; and disturbances in thought, motivation and behavior.
Schizophrenia
Bipolar disorder
Depersonalization disor
schizophrenia
Although schizophrenia is likely to involve a complex interaction of neurotransmitter malfunctions, evidence from drug studies suggest that _____ is related to the symptoms of schizophrenia.
dopamine
epinephrine
endorphins
GABA
dopamine
Which pair of relatives shows the highest concordance rates of obsessive-compulsive disorder?
a mother and daughter
a brother and his sister
a father and his son
two identical twins
two identical twins
Why did the latest version of the DSM switch from Roman to Arabic numerals (e.g., "5" instead of "V")?
The international standard uses the metric system.
The DSM is no longer used outside the United States.
Few people are able to understand the use of Rom
It allows for faster revision of the manual through the use of decimals.
What occurs when a medical model is applied to the study and treatment of psychological disorders?
Individuals are punished, mistreated, and shunned from society.
Individuals are feared and ridiculed by the medical community.
Individuals live in treatment
Individuals are assessed, diagnosed, and treated by a clinician,
What causes controversy regarding the classification of personality disorders in the DSM-5?
People often like individuals with many of the personality disorders.
There are foolproof diagnostic measures for personality disorders.
Personality disorders may
Personality disorders may be extreme values of traits on the Big Five.
Which is NOT one of the clusters of personality disorders in the DSM-5?
anxious/inhibited
violent/disorganized
odd/eccentric
dramatic/erratic
violent/disorganized
The _____ theory of depression proposes that those individuals most likely to suffer from depression attribute their bad experiences to internal, global, and stable causes.
internality
preparedness
helplessness
actualization
helplessness
An unusually small-sized _____ may be an indicator of a susceptibility to PTSD.
hypothalamus
hippocampus
amygdala
frontal lobes
hippocampus
Bipolar disorder has _____ rate of heritability of all mood disorders.
the lowest
the highest
an average
the closest to 0
the highest
When someone is experiencing obsessive-compulsive disorder, obsessions are _____ and compulsions are _____.
repetitive thoughts; repetitive thoughts
ritualistic behaviors; repetitive thoughts
repetitive thoughts; ritualistic behaviors
ritualistic behavior
repetitive thoughts; ritualistic behaviors
Which personality disorder is characterized by extreme introversion and withdrawal from relationships?
histrionic
schizoid
paranoid
borderline
schizoid
Within the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) matrix, which would be categorized as a "positive valence systems" construct?
reward learning
working memory
loss
affiliation and attachment
reward learning
What personality disorder involves unstable moods and intense, stormy personal relationships?
histrionic
narcissistic
paranoid
borderline
borderline
people with phobias are _____ to recall personal experiences with their feared objects, compared to people without phobias, suggesting an environmental influence on the development of phobias.
more likely
much less likely
equally likely
somewhat less like
more likely
If anxiety leads a person to study for an exam, then it is _____, but if keeps the person from ever leaving home, then it is _____.
harmful; helpful
adaptive; maladaptive
OCD; GAD
GAD; OCD
adaptive, maladaptive
In the 1960s, the estimates regarding the frequency of autism spectrum disorder stood at around 4 out of every 10,000 children. Currently, that estimate is around _____ out of every 10,000 children
10 to 20
100-200
400-500
750
10 -20
The _______ is a new initiative that strives to guide the classification and understanding of mental disorders by revealing the basic processes that give rise to them.
Empirically Validated Treatment (EVT) Strategy
Research Domain Criteria Project (RDoC)
rdoc
Regarding the chronic nature of autism spectrum disorder, one recent study conducted by Helt and colleagues (2008) found that as many as _____ percent of children diagnosed with ASD ultimately lose their diagnosis over time.
5
10
25
40
25
Individuals with _____ personality disorder have extreme mood changes and may self-mutilate and threaten suicide in order to manipulate others.
borderline
histrionic
narcissistic
dependent
borderline
Lauren is lethargic, feels worthless, and is overeating. She is still able to function at her job and to participate in domestic activities. She has been feeling this way for almost two years. Lauren is MOST likely suffering from:
dysthymia.
major depress
dysthymia
Which statement is true?
Many adults probably suffer from ADHD, but few receive treatment for it.
Very few children with ADHD become adults with ADHD, and in those cases the treatment is exactly the same as it is for children with the condition.
ADHD is n
Many adults probably suffer from ADHD, but few receive treatment for it.
Increased activation in the _____ and decreased activation in the _____ has been linked to depression.
left medial temporal lobe; right medial temporal lobe
right medial temporal lobe; left medial temporal lobe
dorsal anterior cingulate cortex; dorsolater
dorsal anterior cingulate cortex; dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
When is the first episode of schizophrenia most likely to occur?
during early or middle childhood
during late adolescence or early adulthood
during infancy
during middle to late adulthood
during late adolescence or early adulthood
Decreased activation in the ______ and increased activation in the ______ have been linked to depression.
a. left amygdala; right amygdala
b. left prefrontal cortex; right prefrontal cortex
c. left medial hippocampus; right superior hippocampus
d. lateral
left prefrontal cortex; right prefrontal cortex
Which of the following disorders is the most controversial?
a. Schizophrenia
b. Bipolar Disorder
c. Seasonal Affective Disorder
d. Dissociative Identity Disorder
e. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
d. Dissociative Identity Disorder
Individuals who are diagnosed with ______ as adults may have engaged in animal cruelty and fire setting when they were children or adolescents.
a. antisocial personality disorder
b. borderline personality disorder
c. narcissistic personality disorder
d. s
a. antisocial personality disorder
What personality disorder involves unstable moods and intense, stormy personal relationships?
a. histrionic b. narcissistic c. paranoid d. borderline e. antisocial
borderline
hich disorder has a low rate of occurrence yet accounts for approximately 40 percent of admissions to state and county mental hospitals?
major depression
bipolar disorder
schizophrenia
antisocial personality disorder
schizophrenia
Three different patients show symptoms of three different disorders. The first has a phobia, the second has constant panic attacks, and the third has generalized worries that seem to occur constantly without any specific trigger causing them. Who should t
an anxiety disorder specialist
Which has NOT been identified as a factor that increases one's risk of engaging in suicidal actions?
experiencing significant negative life events during childhood
a desire to gain retribution on others who have wronged the individual
the presence of seve
a desire to gain retribution on others who have wronged the individual
In David Rosenhan's famous study, his mentally healthy associates entered mental hospitals by complaining that they were "hearing voices." This illustrated the power of:
stress.
labeling.
mental illness.
the medical model.
labeling.
What is it that people with agoraphobia fear?
being embarrassed in public places
meeting people in public places
having a panic attack in public places
falling down in public places
having a panic attack in public places
Within the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) matrix, which would be categorized as an "arousal and regulatory systems" construct?
perception
acute threat
language behavior
sleep and wakefulness
sleep and wakefulness
The terms sociopath and psychopath are often applied to individuals with:
schizophrenia.
dementia.
antisocial personality disorder.
generalized anxiety disorder.
antisocial personality disorder.
Due to decreased levels of activity in the amygdala and hippocampus, psychopaths appear to be less sensitive to _____ than noncriminals.
hypnosis
fear
rational thought
social norms
fear