Detecting Emotion in Others
People read a great deal of emotional content in the eyes
Introverts are better at detecting emotions
Extroverts have emotions that are easier to
read
We are primed to quickly detect negative
emotions
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What is the concept or framework that organizes and interprets information?
A. schema
B. assimilation
C. accommodation
D. object permanence
...
What is the branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive,
and social change throughout the life span?
A. Social psychology
B.Humanistic psychology
C.Developmental psychology
D.Personality psychology
...
What is the fertilized egg that enters a 2-week period of raipid cell
division and develops into an embryo?
A. Zygote
B. Embryo
C. Fetus
D. Teratogens
...
As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual
stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner. The decrease
in an infant's responsiveness is called
A. concentration
B. teratogens
C. habituation
D.stability
...
What is interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing
schemas called?
A. schema
B. assimilation
C. accommodation
D. object permancence
...
What is adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate
new information called?
A. schema
B. assimilation
C. accommodation
D. object permancence
...
What is the awareness that things continued to exist even when not perceived?
A. schema
B. assimilation
C. accommodation
D. object permancence
...
What is an optimal period early in the life of an organism when
exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces normal development?
A. Attachment
B. Critical period
C. Social period
D. Imprinting
...
what is the emotional tie with another person; shown in young
children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing
distress on separation?
A. Attachment
B. Critical period
C. Social period
D. Imprinting
...
What is a set of expected behaviors for males and females?
A. gender
B. aggression
C. gender role
D. role
...
What is the modern-day approaches the view personality with a focus
on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences?
A. psychodynamic theories
B. projective test
C. Thematic Apperception Test
D. Rorschach inkblot test
...
What is the tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share
our beliefs and our behaviors?
A. False consensus effect
B. terror-management theory
C. collective unconscious
D. Projective tests
...
What is the view personality with a focus on the potential for
healthy personal growth?
A. humanistic theories
B. self-actualization
C. self-concept
D. unconditional positive regard
...
What is one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after
basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is
achieved; the motivation to fulfill one's potential?
A. humanistic theories
B. self-actualization
C. self-concept
D. unconditional positive regard
...
What is the characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to
feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports?
A. empirically derived test
B. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
C. personality inventory
D. Trait
...
What is the most widely researched and clinically used of all
personality tests?
A. empirically derived test
B. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
C. personality inventory
D. Trait
...
What is the overestimating others' noticing and evaluating our
appearance, performance, and blunders?
A. reciprocal determinism
B. self
C. spotlight effect
D. positive psycholgy
...
What is one's feelings of high or low self-worth?
A. narcissism
B. self-serving bias
C. self-efficacy
D. self-esteem
...
What is a readiness to perceive oneself favorably?
A. narcissism
B. self-serving bias
C. self-efficacy
D. self-esteem
...
What is the excessive self-love and self-absorption?
A. narcissism
B. self-serving bias
C. self-efficacy
D. self-esteem
...
What is the mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from
experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations?
A. intelligence
B. intelligence test
C. general intelligence (g)
D. factor analysis
...
What is a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related
items (called factors) on a test?
A. intelligence
B. intelligence test
C. general intelligence (g)
D. factor analysis
...
What is the condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental
ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as in computation or drawing?
A. Alzheimer's disease
B. Huntington's disease
C.Savant syndrome
D. Down syndrome
...
What is the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions?
A. emotional intelligence
B. creative intelligence
C. practical intelligence
D. analytical intelligence
...
What is a measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet;
the chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level
of performance?
A. mental age
B. intelligence quotient
C. achievement test
D. aptitude test
...
What is a test designed to assess what a person has learned?
A. mental age
B. intelligence quotient
C. achievement test
D. aptitude test
...
What a test designed to predict a person's future performance?
A. mental age
B. intelligence quotient
C. achievement test
D. aptitude test
...
What is defining uniform testing procedures and meaningful scores by
comparison with the performance of a pretested group?
A. standardization
B. reliability
C. validity
D. normal curve
...
What is the extent to which a test yields consistent results, as
assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, on
alternate forms of the test, or on retesting?
A. standardization
B. reliability
C. validity
D. normal curve
...
What is the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is
supposed to?
A. standardization
B. reliability
C. validity
D. normal curve
...
What is the concept that diseases, in the case psychological
disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and,
in most cases, cured, often through treatment in a hospital?
A. mood disorder
B. medical model
C. DSM-5
D. ADHD
...
What is an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense,
apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal?
A. social anxiety disorder
B. phobia
C. panic disorder
D. generalized anxiety disorder
...
What is an anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable, minutes-long
episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and
accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations?
A. social anxiety disorder
B. phobia
C. panic disorder
D. generalized anxiety disorder
...
What is an anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear
and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation?
A. social anxiety disorder
B. phobia
C. panic disorder
D. generalized anxiety disorder
...
What is the fear or avoidance of situations, such as crowds or wide
open places, where one has felt loss of control and panic?
A. posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
B. agoraphobia
C. obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
D. ADHD
...
What is the disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts
and/or actions?
A. posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
B. agoraphobia
C. obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
D. ADHD
...
What is the disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares
social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or insomnia
that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience?
A. posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
B. agoraphobia
C. obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
D. ADHD
...
What is a mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state?
A. mania
B. bipolar disorder
C. major depressive disorder
D. rumination
...
What is a mood disorder in which a person alternates between the
hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania?
A. mania
B. bipolar disorder
C. major depressive disorder
D. rumination
...
What is the compulsive fretting; overthinking about our problems and
their causes?
A. mania
B. bipolar disorder
C. major depressive disorder
D. rumination
...
What is the treatment involving psychological techniques that consist
of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to
overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth?
A. psychotherapy
B. biomedical therapy
C. eclectic approach
D. psychoanalysis
...
What are prescribed medications or procedures that act directly on
the person's physiology?
A. psychotherapy
B. biomedical therapy
C. eclectic approach
D. psychoanalysis
...
What is an approach to psychotherapy that, depending on the
situation, uses techniques from various forms of therapy?
A. psychotherapy
B. biomedical therapy
C. eclectic approach
D. psychoanalysis
...
What is Freud's therapeutic technique called that uses free
associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences to gain insight?
A. psychotherapy
B. biomedical therapy
C. eclectic approach
D. psychoanalysis
...
What is, in psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of
anxiety-laden material?
A. resistance
B. interpretation
C. transference
D. psychodynamic therapy
...
What is, in psychoanalysis, the analyst's noting supposed dream
meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors and events in
order to promote insight?
A. resistance
B. interpretation
C. transference
D. psychodynamic therapy
...
What is, in psychoanalysis, the patient's transfer to the analyst of
emotions linked with other relationships?
A. resistance
B. interpretation
C. transference
D. psychodynamic therapy
...
What is a therapy deriving from the psychoanalytic tradition that
views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood
experiences, and that seeks to enhance self-insight?
A. resistance
B. interpretation
C. transference
D. psychodynamic therapy
...
What is a humanistic therapy developed by Carl Rogers in which the
therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine,
accepting, empathic environment to facilitate clients' growth?
A. insight therapies
B. client-centered therapy
C. psychoanalysis
D. psychodynamic therapy
...
What is empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates,
and clarifies?
A. unconditional positive regard
B. active listening
C. resistance
D. transference
...
What is theory that we explain someone's behavior by crediting either
the situation or the person's disposition?
A. attribution theory
B. fundamental attribution error
C. attitude
D. foot-in-the-door phenomenon
...
What is the tendency for observers, when analyzing others' behavior,
to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the
impact of personal disposition?
A. attribution theory
B. fundamental attribution error
C. attitude
D. foot-in-the-door phenomenon
...
What is the feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that
predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events?
A. attribution theory
B. fundamental attribution error
C. attitude
D. foot-in-the-door phenomenon
...
What is the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small
request to comply later with a larger request?
A. attribution theory
B. fundamental attribution error
C. attitude
D. foot-in-the-door phenomenon
...
What is adjusting our behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard?
A. Automatic Mimicry
B. conformity
C. normative social influence
D. informational social influence
...
What is an influence resulting from a person's desire to gain
approval or avoid disapproval?
A. Automatic Mimicry
B. conformity
C. normative social influence
D. informational social influence
...
What is an influence resulting from one's willingness to accept
others' opinions about reality?
A. Automatic Mimicry
B. conformity
C. normative social influence
D. informational social influence
...
What is an improved performance on simple or well learned tasks in
the presence of others?
A. social facilitation
B. social loafing
C. deindividuation
D. group polarization
...
What is the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when
pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when
individually accountable?
A. social facilitation
B. social loafing
C. deindividuation
D. group polarization
...
What is the loss of self-awareness and self-retraint occurring in
group situations that foster arousal and anonymity?
A. social facilitation
B. social loafing
C. deindividuation
D. group polarization
...
Famous for the Bobo Doll experiments on observational learning &
influence in the Socio-Cognitive Perspective.
A. Albert Bandura
B. Solomon Asch
C. Erik Erikson
D. Sigmund Freud
...
Conducted famous conformity experiment that required subjects to
match lines.
A. Albert Bandura
B. Solomon Asch
C. Erik Erikson
D. Sigmund Freud
...
Known for his 8-stage theory of Psychosocial Development
A. Albert Bandura
B. Solomon Asch
C. Erik Erikson
D. Sigmund Freud
...
Developed psychoanalysis; considered to be "father of modern psychiatry"
A. Albert Bandura
B. Solomon Asch
C. Erik Erikson
D. Sigmund Freud
...
Studied attachment in monkeys with artificial mothers
A. Harry Harlow
B. Lawrence Kohlberg
C. Abraham Maslow
D. Stanley Milgram
...
Famous for his theory of moral development in children; made use of
moral dilemmas in assessment
A. Harry Harlow
B. Lawrence Kohlberg
C. Abraham Maslow
D. Stanley Milgram
...
Humanistic psychologist known for his "Hierarchy of Needs"
and the concept of "self-actualization"
A. Harry Harlow
B. Lawrence Kohlberg
C. Abraham Maslow
D. Stanley Milgram
...
Conducted "shocking" (Ha!) experiments on obedience
A. Harry Harlow
B. Lawrence Kohlberg
C. Abraham Maslow
D. Stanley Milgram
...
Described process of classical conditioning after famous experiments
with dogs
A. Ivan Pavlov
B. Jean Piaget
C. Carl Rogers
D. John Watson
...
Known for his theory of cognitive development in children
A. Ivan Pavlov
B. Jean Piaget
C. Carl Rogers
D. John Watson
...
the three Domains of Developmental Psychology are
Physical Development, Cognitive development, and Psychosocial Development
Physical Development is
the growth of the body and its organs, the functioning of
physiological systems including the brain, physical signs of aging,
changes in motor abilities and so on.
Cognitive Development is
Changes and continuities in perception, language, learning, memory,
problem solving, and other mental processes.
Psychosocial Development is
Changes and carryover in personal and interpersonal aspects of
development, such as motives, emotions, personality traits,
interpersonal skills and relationships, and roles played in the family
and in the larger society.
define growth
the physical changes that occur from conception to maturity
define age grade
each socially defined age group in a society:each having its own
assigned statuses, roles, privileges, and responsibilities.
define age norm
society's way of telling people how to act their age: what people
should or should not do at different points in their life
Emerging Adulthood
a transitional period between adolescence and full fledged adulthood
that extends from about age 18 to age 25 (or as late as 29)
Average life expectancy
78 years
define environment
all the external physical and social conditions, stimuli, and events
that affect us, from our neighborhoods to our living quarters, from
family members to peers and teachers
as a psychologist your assumptions must be very
evidence based
Charles Darwin can be considered a
Babyologist
famous baby biographer
Charles Darwin
baby biographies
scholars who carefully observed the growth and development of their
own children and published their findings
G. Stanley Hall invented the
Questionnaire research tool
G. Stanley Hall defined Adolescence as
Storm and Stress
Storm and Stress Refers to
a time of emotional ups and downs, and rapid changes
Development focuses on both
Gains and Losses
Gains and Losses in development is credited to
Paul Baltes
Gains and losses means
both gains and losses are evident in each phase of the life span.
Gain brings with it loss of some kind, and loss brings gain.
Longevity is mostly determined by
Biological Luck and a healthy lifestyle
Baltes modern life span perspective assumes
Development occurs throughout the lifespan, is multi-directional, and
is influenced by multiple interacting causes, and is best studied by
multiple disciplines.
A theory is
a set of concepts and propositions intended to describe and explain
certain phenomena.
a good theory should be
internally consistent, falsifiable, and supported by data.
Any study or research should include a
sample
a sample is
the group of individuals studied
Naturalistic Observation is
observing people in their every day (natural) surroundings
we use naturalistic observation to study
young children and infants who cannot be studied through self report
techniques that demand verbal skills.
limitations of naturalistic observation include
some behaviors occur too infrequently and unexpectedly, it is
difficult to pinpoint causes because many events are usually happening
at the same time and may have an impact on behavior, and lastly the
presence of an observer may influence the behavior of those being watched.
structured observation
they create special stimuli, tasks, or situations designed to elicit
the behavior of interest
functional magnetic resonance imaging
a brain scanning technique that uses magnetic forces to measure the
increase in blood flow to an area of the brain that occurs when that
brain area is active
case study
an in depth examination of an individual or small number of
individuals typically carried out by compiling and analyzing
information from a variety of sources, such as observing, testing, and
interviewing the person or people who know him/her
limitations of a case study
conclusions based on a single case may not generalize to other
individuals, and inferences about what may have caused the person to
develop as he or she did often need further study
in an experiment
an investigator manipulates or alters some aspect of the environment
to see how this affects the behavior of the sample of the individuals studied.
we do experiments so we can eliminate
variables
independent variable
the variable manipulated so that its casual effects can be assessed
dependent variable
the behavior expected to be affected
three critical features shared by a true experiment are
Random assignment, manipulation of the independent variable, and
experimental control
experimental control is
all factors other than the independent variable are controlled or
held constant so that they cannot contribute to the differences among
the treatment groups
limitations of an experiment include
1: experiments are often conducted in laboratory or unusual
conditions which has an effect on the results. 2: ethical principles
can play a role ex: you cannot study the effects of a widow by killing
a woman's husband.
metanalysis is
the results of different kinds of studies converge to demonstrate a
clear cause-effect relationship and correlational studies reveal that
the same relationship seems to be operating in everyday life
a cohort is
a group of individuals born at the same time, either in the same year
or within a specified span of years.
ethnocentrism
the belief that ones own group and its culture are superior
cross sectional design
the performances of people of different age groups, or cohorts are compared
Longitudinal Design
one cohort of individuals is assessed repeatedly over time
sequential design
combines the cross sectional approach and longitudinal approach in a
single study
debriefing is
telling the participants of a study what the purpose of the study was
after its conducted as to not ruin the study.
Ethics Guidelines from the American Psychological Association include
1- informed consent 2- debriefing 3-protection from harm 4-
confidentiality in respect to participants
nature
biological forces that influence our development
nurture
environmental forces that influence our development
activity passivity
focuses on the extent to which human beings are active in creating
and influencing their own environments and, in the process, in
producing their own development, or are passively shaped by forces
beyond their control.
psychoanalytic theory
focused on the development and dynmaics of the personality,
challenged prevailing notions of human nature and human development.
-proposed that people are driven by motives and emotional conflicts of
which thy are largely unaware and that they are shaped by their
earliest experiences in the family.
psychologist that focused on psychoanalytic theory
Sigmund Freud
Freud also believed
we have biological urges or drives that must be satisfied
Freud's 3 components of personality include
Id, Ego, and Super Ego
Id refers to
the impulsive, irrational and selfish part of the personality whose
mission is to satisfy instincts. -seeks immediate gratification
Ego refers to
the rational side of the individual that tries to find realistic ways
of gratifying the instincts. -Develops realistic strategies for
problem solving and satisfying needs.
Super Ego refers to
internalized moral standards:develops in 3-6 year olds-keeps them
from violating rules and makes them feel guilty for doing so
5 psychosexual stages are
oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital
Psychology
Study of: Behavior/Mental processes.
Goals are to: describe, predict, and explain behavior.
Use scientific method to examine interventions
Behavior
Everything we do that can be directly observed
Mental Processes
Thoughts, feelings, motives that each of us experience privately but
can't be observed directly
Critical Thinking
The process of thinking deeply and actively, asking questions, and
evaluating evidence.
Question and test what people say are facts.
Empirical Method
Gaining knowledge by observing events, collecting data, and reasoning logically.
Objectivity: Waiting to see what the evidence tells scientists.
Philosophy
Rational investigation of the underlying principles of being and knowledge.
Rene Descartes and Aristotle
Descartes argued the mind and body were separate. Focused attention
on the mind. Scientists who study emotion refer to Descartes.
Aristotle debated the nature of thought and behavior. Possible
link to the mind and the body. Scientists who study happiness refer
to Aristotle.
Structuralism
Discovered by Wilhelm Wundt. Study of mental structures. Focuses on
identifying components or structures of the mind.
The "what" of the mind.
Functionalism
Discovered by William James. Probed the functions and purposes of the
mind and behavior in a person's adaptation to the environment.
The "why" of the mind.
Natural Selection
Theory purposed by Charles Darwin. Organisms that are best adapted to
their environment will survive and produce offspring. ("Survival
of the fittest").
Biological Approach
Focus on the body, especially the brain and nervous system.
Neuroscience
The study of structure, function, development, genetics, and
biochemistry of the nervous system.
Belief that thoughts and emotions have a physical basis in the brain.
Behavioral Approach
The study of observable behavioral responses and their environmental determinants.
Focuses on visible behaviors; not thoughts and feelings.
Psycho-dynamic Approach
Emphasizes unconscious thought, the conflict between biological
drives (drive for sex), society's demands, and childhood family experiences.
Sigmund Freud
Humanistic Approach
Emphasizes a person's positive qualities, the capacity for positive
growth, and the freedom to choose one's destiny.
People have the ability to control their lives, and not be
controlled by the environment.
Cognitive Approach
The mental processes involved in knowing how we direct our attention,
perceive, remember, think, and solve problems.
Evolutionary Approach
Uses evolutionary ideas such as adaptation, reproduction, and natural
selection as the basis for explaining specific human behaviors.
Sociocultural Approach
The influences of social and cultural environments on behavior.
Understanding a person's behavior requires knowing about the
cultural context in which the behavior occurs.
Scientific Method
How psychologists gain knowledge about the mind and behavior.
Five steps:
-Observing phenomenon
-Formulating hypotheses and predictions
-Testing through empirical research
-Drawing conclusions
-Evaluating conclusions
Variable
Anything can change
Theory
A broad set of closely related ideas that attempts to explain observations.
Make predictions about future observations.
A theory must be falsifiable (must generate ideas to prove theory
wrong and test ideas).
Hypothesis
A testable prediction that derives logically from a theory.