During early childhood, kids only grow about ___ inches per year and gain ___ pounds a year. Boys are also slightly taller than girls.
2-3, 4-6
We see a rapid growth in brain weight due to ___
Myelination
By age 5, the brain is ___ percent of its adult weight
90%
Left-brained people are better with ___
Logic, problem solving, language, and mathematical computations
Right-brained people are better with ___
Visual-spatial functions, recognition of faces, discrimination of color, aesthetic and emotional responses, understanding metaphors, and creative mathematical reasoning
The functions of the right and left hemisphere overlap because of the ___
Corpus callosum, which is responsible for communication between each hemisphere
What is brain plasticity?
The changeability of the brain and its compensatory ability (other areas may assume functions lost to injury)
The greatest brain plasticity is at ___ years
1 to 2
What is sprouting?
The growth of new dendrites
What is redundancy of neural connections?
The idea that information can be found in more than one place in the brain (this allows for a backup system in case one area that holds the information is damaged)
Gross motor skills involve ___
Large muscles used in locomotion
T/F There is little sex differentiation in gross motor
True
T/F There is great sex differentiation in gross motor
False
Activity levels vary but ___ factors interact to determine individual levels of activity
Genetic and environmental
Fine motor skills involve ___
Small muscles used in manipulation and coordination
The ___ trend accounts for lag in fine motor skills
Proximodistal (this accounts for children's drawing progression- placement, shape, design, pictorial stages)
Handedness emerges and shows preference during ___ but becomes strongly established during ___
Infancy; early childhood
What are certain problems that are connected with left-handed people?
Language problems like dyslexia and stuttering, health problems like hypertension and epilepsy, and psychological problems
There may be a ___ component in handedness
Genetic (it seems to run in families and identical (MZ) twins are usually opposite in handedness)
Kids need [more/less] overall calories than toddlers
More
What are some minor illnesses that children can contract in early childhood?
Respiratory infections (colds, sore throats) and stomach upsets (nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea)
In developing countries, ___ is leading killer of children
Diarrheal illness
___ have greatly reduced major illness in US
Immunizations and antibiotics
The most common cause of death in young children in US includes ___
Motor vehicle accidents
The accident rate from motor vehicles is highest with ___
Low-income families
Legislation to prevent accidents from motor vehicles and buildings includes ___
Child safety in cars, window guards in apartment buildings, and toy and clothing safety standards
Preschoolers average ___ hours of sleep per 24 hour period
10-11 (9/10 a night and a 1-2 hour nap)
During the bedtime routine, there is a ___, an object that makes a child feel more comforted and able to sleep alone
Transitional object
Sleep terrors occur ___ and may be associated with stress
Early in night during deep sleep
Nightmares occur ___
Later in night during REM sleep
What is insomnia?
The inability to sleep
___ has an onset between ages 3 and 8 and occurs early in the night during deep sleep
Somnambulism (sleepwalking- same time frame as sleep terrors)
___ plays a critical role in toilet training
Maturation
Most US children are toilet trained between ___
3 and 4
What is enuresis?
The failure to control the bladder past a certain age. It is based on the age of child and frequency of "accidents
Bed-wetting is more frequent in boys than girls and occurs most often during ___
Deep sleep
What is encopresis?
The failure to control bowel movements (it is more common in boys than girls and less common than enuresis)