A well designed laboratory experiment may use
reaction time, PET scans and error rates
The rehearsal process causes information to pass from the ____ to the ____ in the three-store model of human memory
short, long
The pattern recognition process causes information to pass from the ____ to the _____ in the three store model of human memory
long, short
The capacity to become aware of and report on mental representations and the processes that operate on them is called stages of _____
processing
In an experiment on long-term memory, a psychologist presents subjects with a list of random words or a list of words used in a story that the subjects read. She measures the number of ideas recalled in each case. The list type in this experimental scenar
independent variable
In an experiment on long-term memory, a psychologist presented either a list of words or the same words used in a story. She measured the number of ideas recalled in each case. The number of ideas recalled is a(n)
dependent variable
A method used by cognitive psychologists to isolate the properties of a single stage of processing is called the
method of subtraction
Which of the following is true? (regarding emotion in cognitive research)
Emotion has traditionally not been studied by cognitive scientists, but it is today
Which physiological method of studying the brain provides the best spatial resolution?
fMRI
Which of the following is not one possible meaning of the concept of consciousness?
Self-knowledge, informational access and sentience.
Mental representations: (the nature of)
is an unobservable internal code of information. The range of what is considered a mental representations, both conscious and unconscious.
A common behavioral measure in cognitive research is
verbal protocols, proportion of errors and reaction times.
Sentience is capacity for
raw sensations, feelings and subjective experiences.
A neuron includes dendrites, a cell body, and an axon. The dendrites in the neuron serves what function
receive signals from other neurons
A _____ pathway projects from the occipital lobe to the temporal lobe�the so-called "what pathway.
ventral
The _____ pathway projects from the occipital lobe to the parietal lobe�the "where pathway.
dorsal
The most recently evolved part of the cerebral cortex, a part of the brain that is well-developed only in mammals, is called the
neocortex
A psychologist's objective is to find evidence that one cognitive function is served by one brain region, while a different function is served by another brain region. To do this, the investigator seeks to find
double dissociations
An EEG signal that reflects the brain's response to the onset of a specific stimulus is called a(n)
event related potential
Two techniques that are now widely used provide an indirect measure of more localized brain activity, as compared to electrical scalp recordings. These two techniques are
PET/fMRI
A neuron includes dendrites, a cell body, and an axon. The axon is used for
transmitting a signal to other neurons
The four areas of the brain that make up the cerebral cortex are
frontal, temporal, parietal and occipital lobe
Recent research with fMRI has revealed a _____ network that is active when the mind is free to daydream, recollect about the past, or fantasize about the future
default
The default network of the brain includes
autobiographical memory, envisioning the future, theory of mind and moral decision making.
Electrophysiological measures of brain activity such as _____ and ____ show excellent temporal resolution. But it is not possible to identify the specific location, within a few millimeters, of the neuronal networks that generate the evoked potentials and
EEG and ERP
Which structure is not part of the visual pathway in the brain?
Frontal lobe
Failures of visual pattern recognition caused by brain lesioning are referred to as
agnosia
The primary function of pattern recognition is
to add meaning to the sensory information. Transduction and perception of the stimulus in the environment and its categorization as a meaningful object.
Expectations about the identity of a stimulus are associated with
top-down processing
The word superiority effect shows
that letters are more rapidly recognized when presented as part of a word than when presented in isolation.
A mental representation that organizes knowledge about related concepts is called a
schema
Complex objects are represented mentally by combinations of simple shapes called
geons
Holistic processing contrasts with
analytic processing
A selective inability to recognize faces is called
prosopagnosia
blindsight refers to
damage to visual cortex but has consciousness OR of the primary visual cortex eliminates visual consciousness but not the second pathway accurate consciousness.
A stimulus may be seen in terms of its properties but not recognized as a meaningful object in the condition is
agnosia
You decide to go to the community swimming pool. When you arrive, you see children jumping off the high-dive, two lifeguards, a woman swimming in a business suit, and an inflatable plastic ring. Based on your knowledge of schemas, what object would receiv
women swimming in a business suit
In the above question, what type of process was used on the object that received the greatest eye exploration?
top-down processing
Which type of perception process slows recognition of items?
between holistic and analytical
Feature analysis proposes that the human visual cortex analyzes stimuli in terms of
simple component features
Oliver Sacks wrote about a patient who mistook his wife for his hat and his foot for his shoe. This disorder illustrates
apperceptive agnosia
The illustration picturing a normal face, and a face with an upside-down mouth and upside-down eyes demonstrates
that faces are typically perceived holistically.
Neural cells in the ______ _____ are tuned to fire when stimulated by simple lines presented in a particular orientation.
occipital cortex
________ agnosia refers to a failure of pattern recognition caused by an inability to categorize objects at a perceptual level of analysis.
Apperceptive
______ agnosia refers to a failure of pattern recognition caused by an inability to categorize objects at a function.
associative
The visual pathway bringing information from the retina to the primary visual cortex passes through
optic chiasm, LGN and superior colliculus
The face processing module consists of a network of brain regions in the
occipital/temporal
The fusiform face area is part of the
temporal
The face module allows rapid, unconscious, and automatic processing as illustrated by
Personality traits
Between the ages of 1 and 4 months, infants can identify differences between
phonemes that they may loose later
Name two disciplines represented in the field of cognitive science and explain their contributions to the field.
The discipline of cognitive neuroscience uses neuroimaging methods to relate activity in the brain to behavioral
measurements. This contributes to psychology by helping understand the brain as a processor of information.
Another discipline of cognitive ps
Describe how the method of subtraction is used in an experiment with neuroimaging.
Method of subtraction is used to isolate the properties of a single stage of cognitive processing. A classic PET study
on how word names are retrieved from long-term memory uses the method of subtraction/ When participants are
shown words one at a time he
Explain how the visual system makes use of parallel processing in recognizing an object located across a room
Parellel recognition is when your brain processes two things, simultaneously. This would happen when looking at
an object across the room because the human brain has developed the capacity to perceive objects, faces and the
sounds of speech. Al of these p
Explain the depth-perception illusion pictured in figure 3.1 in your textbook. Why does it appear that a large creature is chasing a small creature?
Illusion related to depth perception. Normally, on object at a distance is perceived as small relative to an object identical in size viewed from close up. Cues in the drawing, such as the background lines converging from the bottom to the top of the pict
In a word perception experiment, the amount of sentence context was varied (0, 4, or 8 words). As the amount of context increased, the probability of perceptual recognition of the final target word also increased. Explain whether or not this reflects conc
The longer the exposure, the more data-driven processes should aid recognition. The data-driven pattern recognition analyzes the edges, lines, areas of light and dark, colors, sounds and other physical features available briefly in sensory memory.