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is the study of the causes and consequences of sociality.
Aggression
is behavior whose purpose is to harm another
frustration
aggression hypothesis suggests that animals aggress when their desires are frustrated
Cooperation
is behavior by two or more individuals that leads to mutual benefit
group
is a collection of people who have something in common that distinguishes them from others
Prejudice
is a positive or negative evaluation of another person based on the person's group membership
discrimination
is positive or negative behavior toward another person based on the person's group membership
common knowledge effect
which is the tendency for group discussions to focus on information that all members share
Group polarization
is the tendency for groups to make decisions that are more extreme than any member would have made alone
Groupthink
is the tendency for groups to reach consensus in order to facilitate interpersonal harmony
deindividuation
which occurs when immersion in a group causes people to become less aware of their individual values.
diffusion of responsibility,
which refers to the tendency for individuals to feel diminished responsibility for their actions when they are surrounded by others who are acting the same way.
bystander intervention
which is the act of helping strangers in an emergency situation
Altruism
is behavior that benefits another without benefiting oneself,
Kin selection
is the process by which evolution selects for individuals who cooperate with their relatives
Reciprocal altruism
is behavior that benefits another with the expectation that those benefits will be returned in the future,
mere exposure effect
is the tendency for liking to increase with the frequency of exposure
passionate love
, which is an experience involving feelings of euphoria, intimacy, and intense sexual attraction,
companionate love
which is an experience involving affection, trust, and concern for a partner's well-being
Social exchange
is the hypothesis that people remain in relationships only as long as they perceive a favorable ratio of costs to benefits
Social influence
is the control of one person's behavior by another
hedonic motive
to experience pleasure and to avoid experiencing pain
(the approval motive)
to be accepted and to avoid being rejected
accuracy motive
to believe what is right and to avoid believing what is wrong
norms
which are customary standards for behavior that are widely shared by members of a culture
norm of reciprocity
which is the unwritten rule that people should benefit those who have benefited them
Normative influence
is a phenomenon that occurs when another person's behavior provides information about what is appropriate
Conformity
is the tendency to do what others do simply because others are doing it
Obedience
is the tendency to do what authorities tell us to do.
attitude
which is an enduring positive or negative evaluation of an object or event,
belief
which is an enduring piece of knowledge about an object or event.
informational influence
is a phenomenon that occurs when another person's behavior provides information about what is true.
Persuasion
is a phenomenon that occurs when a person's attitudes or beliefs are influenced by a communication from another person
systematic persuasion
which refers to the process by which attitudes or beliefs are changed by appeals to reason,
heuristic persuasion
which refers to the process by which attitudes or beliefs are changed by appeals to habit or emotion
foot-in-the-door technique
which is a social influence technique that involves making a small request before making a large request
cognitive dissonance
which is an unpleasant state that arises when a person recognizes the inconsistency of his or her actions, attitudes, or beliefs
social cognition
is the processes by which people come to understand others.
Stereotyping
is the process by which people draw inferences about people based on their knowledge of the categories to which those people belong.
stereotypes have four properties:
They can be (1) inaccurate, (2) overused, (3) self-perpetuating, and (4) unconscious and automatic.
perceptual confirmation
is the tendency for people to see what they expect to see
Self-fulfilling prophecy
is the tendency for people to behave as they are expected to behave
attribution
is an inference about the cause of a person's behavior
correspondence bias
which is the tendency to make dispositional attributions instead of situational attributions
dispositional attributions
when we decide that a person's behavior was caused by a relatively enduring tendency to think, feel, or act in a particular way
actor-observer effect
is the tendency to make situational attributions for our own behaviors while making dispositional attributions for the identical behavior of others