applied research
scientific study that aims to solve practical problems.
humanistic psychology
historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people and the individual's potential for personal growth.
behaviorism
the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2).
levels of analysis
the differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to social-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon.
clinical psychology
a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders.
natural selection
the principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations.
community psychology
a branch of psychology that studies how people interact with their social environments and how social institutions affect individuals and groups.
nature-nurture issue
the longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors. Today's science sees traits and behaviors arising from the interaction of nature and nurture.
basic research
pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base.
biopsychosocial approach
an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis.
cognitive neuroscience
the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language).
counseling psychology
a branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or marriage) and in achieving greater well-being.
positive psychology
the scientific study of human functioning, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive.
psychiatry
a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical (for example, drug) treatments as well as psychological therapy.
psychology
the science of behavior and mental processes.
SQ3R
a study method incorporating five steps: Survey, Question, Read, Retrieve, Review.
testing effect
enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply reading, information. Also sometimes referred to as a retrieval practice effect or test-enhanced learning.
Edward Titchener was concerned primarily with the study of....
sensory experiences
Introspection
looking inward on oneself
Wilhelm Wundt
established the first psychology laboratory at the University of Leipzig, Germany
Edward Bradford Titchner
used introspection to search for the mind's structural elements; structuralist
William James
Believed thinking, like smelling, developed because it was adaptive; Functionalist
Mary Whiton Calkins
became pioneering memory researcher; first woman to be president of the American Psychological Association (APA)
Margaret Floy Washburn
the first woman to receive a psychology Ph.D.; Synthesized animal behavior research in "The Animal Mind
John Watson
championed psychology as the science of behavior and demonstrated conditioned responses on a baby who became famous as "Little Albert", Behaviorist
Sigmund Freud
The controversial ideas of this famed personality theorist and therapist have influenced humanity's self-understanding, Freudian Psychology (emphasized the ways our unconcious thought processes and our emotional responses to childhood experiences affect o
B.F. Skinner
A leading behaviorist, rejected introspection and studied how consequences shape behavior
Functionalism
Early school of thought promoted by James and influenced by Darwin; explored how mental/behavior processes enable people to adapt, survive, and flourish
Cognitive Revolution
(1960's) Cognitive neuroscience
John Locke
argued that the mind is a blank sheet on which experience writes (nurture side)
Rene Descartes
believed that some ideas are innate, disagreed with Locke (nature side)
Charles Darwin
argued that natural selection shapes behaviors as well as bodies
Biological Influences
- genetic predispositions responding to environment
- natural selection of adaptive traits
- brain mechanisms
-hormonal influences
Psychological Influences
- learned fears and other learned expectations
- emotional responses
- cognitive responses and perceptual interpretations
Social-Cultural Influences
- presence of others
- cultural, societal, and family expectations
- peer and other group influences
- compelling models (such as the media)
Neuroscience perspective
How the body and brain enable emotions, memory, and sensory experiences
Evolutionary perspective
How the natural selection of traits has promoted the survival of genes
Behavior Genetics Perspective
How our genes and our environment influence our individual differences
Psychodynamic perspective
How behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts
Behavioral Perspective
How we learn observable responses
Cognitive Perspective
How we encode, process, store, and retrieve information
Social-Cultural Perspective
How behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures
Ivan Pavlov
Russian scientist used classical conditioning on dogs (early 1900s)
Jean Piaget
Swiss biologist who studied development (early-mid 1900s)
Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow
Started Humanistic Psychology
Henry Roeriger and Jeffrey Karpicke
Created the testing effect (testing repeatedly over restudying)
Structuralism
Early school of thought promoted by Wundt and Titchener; used introspection to reveal the structure of the human mind.