Therapy
A general term for any treatment process; in psychology and psychiatry, it refers to a variety of psychological and biomedical techniques aimed at dealing with mental disorders or coping with problems of living
Psychological therapies
Therapies based on psychological principles (rather than on the biomedical approach); often called "psychotheraphy
Biomedical therapies
Treatments that focus on altering the brain, especially with drugs, psychosurgery, or electroconvulsive therapy
Insight therapies
Psychotherapies in which the therapist helps patients/clients understand (gain insight into) their problems
Psychoanalysis
The form of psychodynamic therapy developed by Sigmund Freud. The goal of psychoanalysis is to release conflicts and memories from the unconscious
Analysis of transference
The Freudian technique of analyzing and interpreting the patient's relationship with the therapist, based on the assumption that this relationship mirrors unresolved conflicts in the patient's past
Neo-Freudian psychodynamic therapies
Therapies for mental disorder that were developed by psychodynamic theorists who embraced some of Freud's ideas but disagreed with others
Humanistic therapies
Treatment techniques based on the assumption that people have a tendency for positive growth and self-actualization, which may be blocked by an unhealthy environment that can include negative self-evaluation and criticism from others
Client-centered therapy
A humanistic approach to treatment developed by Carl Rogers, emphasizing an individual's tendency for healthy psychological growth through self-actualization
Reflection of feeling
Carl Roger's technique of paraphrasing the clients' words, attempting to capture the emotional tone expressed
Cognitive therapy
Emphasizes rational thinking (as opposed to subjective emotion, motivation, or repressed conflicts) as the key to treating mental disorder
Group therapy
Any form of psychotherapy done with more than one client/patient at a time. This is often done from a humanistic perspective.
Self-help support groups
Groups, such as Alcoholics Anonymous, that provide social support and an opportunity for sharing ideas about dealing with common problems. Such groups are typically organized and run by laypersons, rather than professional therapists
Behavior modification
Another term for behavior therapy
Behavior therapy
Any form of psychotherapy based on the principles of behavioral learning, especially operant conditioning and classical conditioning
Systematic desensitization
A behavioral therapy technique in which anxiety is extinguished by exposing the patient to an anxiety-provoking stimulus
Exposure therapy
A form of desensitization therapy in which the patient directly confronts the anxiety-provoking stimulus (as opposed to imagining the stimulus)
Aversion therapy
As a classical condition procedure, aversive counter-conditioning involves presenting individuals with an attractive stimulus paired with unpleasant stimulation in order to condition a repulsive reaction
Contingency management
An operant conditioning approach to changing behavior by altering the consequences, especially rewards and punishments, of behavior
Token economy
An operant technique applied to groups, such as classrooms or mental hospital wards, involving the distribution of "tokens" or other indicators of reinforcement contingent on desired behaviors. The tokens can later be exchanged for privileges, food, or ot
Participant modeling
A social learning technique in which a therapist demonstrates and encourages a client to imitate a desired behavior
Cognitive-behavioral therapy
A newer form of psychotherapy that combines the techniques of cognitive therapy with those of behavioral therapy
Rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT)
Albert Ellis's brand of cognitive therapy, based on the idea that irrational thoughts and behaviors are the cause of mental disorders
Active listener
A person who gives the speaker feedback in such forms as nodding, paraphrasing, maintaining an expression that shows interest, and asking questions for clarification
Antipsychotic drugs
Medicines that diminish psychotic symptoms, usually by their effect on the dopamine pathways in the brain
Tardive dyskinesia
An incurable disorder of motor control, especially involving muscles of the face and head, resulting from long-term use of antipsychotic drugs
Antidepressant drugs
Medicines that affect depression, usually by their effect on the serotonin and/or norepinephrine pathways in the brain
Lithium carbonate
An simple chemical compound that is highly effective in dampening the extreme mood swinsg of bipolar disorder
Antianxiety drugs
A category of drugs that includes the barbiturates and benzodiazepines, drugs that diminish feelings of anxiety
Stimulants
Drugs that normally increase activity level by encouraging communication among neurons in the rain. They, however, have been found to suppress activity level in persons with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
A common problem in children who have difficulty controlling their behavior and focusing their attention
Psychosurgery
The general term for surgical intervention in the brain to treat psychological disorders
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
A treatment used primarily for depression and involving the application of an electric current to the head, producing a generalized seizure. Sometimes called "shock treatment
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
A treatment that involves magnetic stimulation of specific regions of the brain. Unlike ECT, TMS does not produce a seizure
Therapeutic community
Jones's term for a program of treating mental disorder by making the institutional environment supportive and humane for patients
Deinstitutionalization
the policy of removing patients, whenever possible, from mental hospitals
Community mental health movement
An effort to deinstitutionalize mental patients and to provide therapy from outpatient clinics. Proponents of community mental health envisioned that recovering patients could live with their families, in foster homes, or in group hones
Therapy
A general term for any treatment process; in psychology and psychiatry, it refers to a variety of psychological and biomedical techniques aimed at dealing with mental disorders or coping with problems of living
Psychological therapies
Therapies based on psychological principles (rather than on the biomedical approach); often called "psychotheraphy
Biomedical therapies
Treatments that focus on altering the brain, especially with drugs, psychosurgery, or electroconvulsive therapy
Insight therapies
Psychotherapies in which the therapist helps patients/clients understand (gain insight into) their problems
Psychoanalysis
The form of psychodynamic therapy developed by Sigmund Freud. The goal of psychoanalysis is to release conflicts and memories from the unconscious
Analysis of transference
The Freudian technique of analyzing and interpreting the patient's relationship with the therapist, based on the assumption that this relationship mirrors unresolved conflicts in the patient's past
Neo-Freudian psychodynamic therapies
Therapies for mental disorder that were developed by psychodynamic theorists who embraced some of Freud's ideas but disagreed with others
Humanistic therapies
Treatment techniques based on the assumption that people have a tendency for positive growth and self-actualization, which may be blocked by an unhealthy environment that can include negative self-evaluation and criticism from others
Client-centered therapy
A humanistic approach to treatment developed by Carl Rogers, emphasizing an individual's tendency for healthy psychological growth through self-actualization
Reflection of feeling
Carl Roger's technique of paraphrasing the clients' words, attempting to capture the emotional tone expressed
Cognitive therapy
Emphasizes rational thinking (as opposed to subjective emotion, motivation, or repressed conflicts) as the key to treating mental disorder
Group therapy
Any form of psychotherapy done with more than one client/patient at a time. This is often done from a humanistic perspective.
Self-help support groups
Groups, such as Alcoholics Anonymous, that provide social support and an opportunity for sharing ideas about dealing with common problems. Such groups are typically organized and run by laypersons, rather than professional therapists
Behavior modification
Another term for behavior therapy
Behavior therapy
Any form of psychotherapy based on the principles of behavioral learning, especially operant conditioning and classical conditioning
Systematic desensitization
A behavioral therapy technique in which anxiety is extinguished by exposing the patient to an anxiety-provoking stimulus
Exposure therapy
A form of desensitization therapy in which the patient directly confronts the anxiety-provoking stimulus (as opposed to imagining the stimulus)
Aversion therapy
As a classical condition procedure, aversive counter-conditioning involves presenting individuals with an attractive stimulus paired with unpleasant stimulation in order to condition a repulsive reaction
Contingency management
An operant conditioning approach to changing behavior by altering the consequences, especially rewards and punishments, of behavior
Token economy
An operant technique applied to groups, such as classrooms or mental hospital wards, involving the distribution of "tokens" or other indicators of reinforcement contingent on desired behaviors. The tokens can later be exchanged for privileges, food, or ot
Participant modeling
A social learning technique in which a therapist demonstrates and encourages a client to imitate a desired behavior
Cognitive-behavioral therapy
A newer form of psychotherapy that combines the techniques of cognitive therapy with those of behavioral therapy
Rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT)
Albert Ellis's brand of cognitive therapy, based on the idea that irrational thoughts and behaviors are the cause of mental disorders
Active listener
A person who gives the speaker feedback in such forms as nodding, paraphrasing, maintaining an expression that shows interest, and asking questions for clarification
Antipsychotic drugs
Medicines that diminish psychotic symptoms, usually by their effect on the dopamine pathways in the brain
Tardive dyskinesia
An incurable disorder of motor control, especially involving muscles of the face and head, resulting from long-term use of antipsychotic drugs
Antidepressant drugs
Medicines that affect depression, usually by their effect on the serotonin and/or norepinephrine pathways in the brain
Lithium carbonate
An simple chemical compound that is highly effective in dampening the extreme mood swinsg of bipolar disorder
Antianxiety drugs
A category of drugs that includes the barbiturates and benzodiazepines, drugs that diminish feelings of anxiety
Stimulants
Drugs that normally increase activity level by encouraging communication among neurons in the rain. They, however, have been found to suppress activity level in persons with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
A common problem in children who have difficulty controlling their behavior and focusing their attention
Psychosurgery
The general term for surgical intervention in the brain to treat psychological disorders
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
A treatment used primarily for depression and involving the application of an electric current to the head, producing a generalized seizure. Sometimes called "shock treatment
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
A treatment that involves magnetic stimulation of specific regions of the brain. Unlike ECT, TMS does not produce a seizure
Therapeutic community
Jones's term for a program of treating mental disorder by making the institutional environment supportive and humane for patients
Deinstitutionalization
the policy of removing patients, whenever possible, from mental hospitals
Community mental health movement
An effort to deinstitutionalize mental patients and to provide therapy from outpatient clinics. Proponents of community mental health envisioned that recovering patients could live with their families, in foster homes, or in group hones