gender
traits/characteristics/behaviors associated with a person's biological sex
What are some gender similarities and differences in aggression, social power, and social connectedness?
Men are more likely to be aggressive. Men are more likely to commit acts of physical aggression, while women are more likely to commit acts of relational aggression. Men tend to be more socially dominant. Women are more interdependent, preferring communic
aggression
any act meant physically or emotionally harm someone
relational aggression
an act of aggression intending to harm someone's relationship or social standing
How is our biological sex determined, and how do sex hormones influence prenatal and adolescent development?
Biological sex is determined by either XX (F) or XY (M); mother supplies X chromosome, father supplies either a second X chromosome or a Y chromosome. Testosterone triggers development of male sex organs during prenatal development. Adolescents undergo pu
X chromosome
sex chromosome found in both men and women
Y chromosome
sex chromosome found only in males
testosterone
primary male sex hormone; stimulates growth and development of males during the prenatal and adolescent periods.
primary sex characteristics
reproductive organs; external genitalia; body structures that make reproduction possible
secondary sex characteristics
non-reproductive sexual traits; voice quality, body hair, breasts, hips;
spermarche
first ejaculation; landmark of male sexual development
menarche
first menstrual period; landmark of female sexual development
intersex
displaying both male and female physical characteristics
How do gender roles and gender typing influence development?
As children grow up they create schemas that help them differentiate between "he" and "she." They discover they are one of the two and begin to search for clues in other areas as well. This helps shape their gender identity.
role
set of expectations about a social position; defines behavior in that position
gender role
set of social expectations that guide behavior for males and females
gender identity
personal sense of being male or female
social learning theory
theory suggests we learn social behavior by observing and imitating behavior and being rewarded or punished for it
gender typing
acquisition of a typical male or female role
androgyny
displaying both male and female psychological characteristics
transgender
describes people whose gender identity/expression differs from the gender associated with their birth sex
How do hormones influence human sexual motivation?
The female sex hormones, called estrogens, peak during ovulation. During this time, her sexual interest is elevated, and men are more likely to find themselves sexually attracted to her. The male sex hormone, testosterone is also found in women where low
asexual
having no sexual attraction to others
estrogens
female sex hormones; contributes to female characteristics; peaks during ovulation;
What is the human sexual response cycle, and how do sexual dysfunctions and paraphilias differ?
Excitement: swelling, pulse/blood pressure rise, lubricating. Plateau: pulse/blood pressure continue to rise, penis erect, secretions continue, clitoris retracts. Sexual dysfunctions impair a person's ability to complete this cycle. Paraphilias cause peop
sexual response cycle
four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson; excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution;
refractory period
resting period after orgasm; men cannot achieve another orgasm during this period, women can;
sexual dysfunction
problem that consistently impairs sexual arousal/function; impairs a person's ability to complete the sexual response cycle; erectile disorder, premature ejaculation, female orgasmic disorder;
erectile disorder
inability to develop or maintain an erection; insufficient bloodflow to penis
premature ejaculation
reaching sexual climax before man or partner wishes
female orgasmic disorder
distress about infrequently or never achieving orgasm
paraphilias
sexual arousal from fantasies, behaviors or urges involving nonhuman objects, suffering of self/others/nonconsenting persons;
How can sexually transmitted infections be prevented?
Protection during sex using a condom prevents the spread of most infections.
AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome)
life-threatening STI caused by HIV; depletes the immune system, leaving individual susceptible to infections;
How do external and imagined stimuli contribute to sexual arousal?
Watching and becoming aroused by erotic material helps men and women formulate sexual fantasies in their imagination. The material individuals expose themselves to affect their fantasies and expectations about sexual behavior.
What factors influence teenagers' sexual behaviors and use of contraceptives?
Communication about birth control, passion, alcohol use, media, intelligence, religious engagement, father presence, and service learning participation all have either negative or positive impacts on sexual development and pregnancy.
What has research taught us about sexual orientation?
If there are environmental factors that influence sexual orientation, we haven't found them. Homosexuality is a natural part of the animal world. There are several biological factors that influence sexual orientation including brain differences (hypothalm
sexual orientation
where we express the direction of our sexual interest; an enduring sexual attraction towards members of either one's own sex, the other sex, or both sexes;
How might evolutionary psychologists explain gender differences in sexuality and mating preferences?
They suggest that women and men will choose partners and behave sexually in ways that will best support their offspring. Women prefer wealthy men and men are attracted to the ratio between a woman's waist and hips. Women are more sexually cautious than me
evolutionary psychology
study of how our behavior and mind have changed in adaptive ways over time due to natural selection
natural selection
the principle that traits linked to increased reproduction and survival will most likely be passed onto succeeding generations
What are the key criticisms of evolutionary explanations human sexuality, and how do evolutionary psuchologitsts respond?
Evolutionary psychology's explanations of human sexuality have been criticized because they tend to find an effect and work backward to find the cause, their explanations are based on decisions ancestors made long ago and modern men may use these explanat
girls tend to play in small groups, while boys tend to play in large groups
Females and males are very similar to each other. But one way they differ is that
Y
The fertilized egg will develop into a boy if it receives a(n) _____ chromosome from its father.
reproductive organs; non-reproductive traits
Primary sex characteriscs relate to ________ ________; secondary sex characteristics refer to ________ ________.
11; 13
On average, girls begin puberty at about the age of _____, boys at the about the age of ______.
intersex
Those born with sexual anatomy that differs from "standard" male or female babies may be considered ________.
expectations about the way males and females should behave
Gender roles refers to our
gender identity
When children have developed a ________ ________, they have a sense of being male or female.
sharp rise in sexual interest at puberty.
A striking effect of hormonal changes on human sexual behavior is the:
men experience a refractory period during which they cannot experience orgasm.
In describing the sexual response cycle, Masters and Johnson noted that:
does; doesn't
The use of condoms during sex _____ reduce the risk of getting HIV and _____ fully protect against skin-to-skin STIs.
a sexually explicit film.
An example of an external stimulus that might influence sexual behavior is:
alcohol use.
Factors contributing to unplanned teen pregnancies include:
environmental factors
Which factors have researchers thus far found to be unrelated to the development of our sexual orientation?
natural selection of the fittest adaptations.
Evolutionary psychologists are most likely to focus on:
gender
traits/characteristics/behaviors associated with a person's biological sex
What are some gender similarities and differences in aggression, social power, and social connectedness?
Men are more likely to be aggressive. Men are more likely to commit acts of physical aggression, while women are more likely to commit acts of relational aggression. Men tend to be more socially dominant. Women are more interdependent, preferring communic
aggression
any act meant physically or emotionally harm someone
relational aggression
an act of aggression intending to harm someone's relationship or social standing
How is our biological sex determined, and how do sex hormones influence prenatal and adolescent development?
Biological sex is determined by either XX (F) or XY (M); mother supplies X chromosome, father supplies either a second X chromosome or a Y chromosome. Testosterone triggers development of male sex organs during prenatal development. Adolescents undergo pu
X chromosome
sex chromosome found in both men and women
Y chromosome
sex chromosome found only in males
testosterone
primary male sex hormone; stimulates growth and development of males during the prenatal and adolescent periods.
primary sex characteristics
reproductive organs; external genitalia; body structures that make reproduction possible
secondary sex characteristics
non-reproductive sexual traits; voice quality, body hair, breasts, hips;
spermarche
first ejaculation; landmark of male sexual development
menarche
first menstrual period; landmark of female sexual development
intersex
displaying both male and female physical characteristics
How do gender roles and gender typing influence development?
As children grow up they create schemas that help them differentiate between "he" and "she." They discover they are one of the two and begin to search for clues in other areas as well. This helps shape their gender identity.
role
set of expectations about a social position; defines behavior in that position
gender role
set of social expectations that guide behavior for males and females
gender identity
personal sense of being male or female
social learning theory
theory suggests we learn social behavior by observing and imitating behavior and being rewarded or punished for it
gender typing
acquisition of a typical male or female role
androgyny
displaying both male and female psychological characteristics
transgender
describes people whose gender identity/expression differs from the gender associated with their birth sex
How do hormones influence human sexual motivation?
The female sex hormones, called estrogens, peak during ovulation. During this time, her sexual interest is elevated, and men are more likely to find themselves sexually attracted to her. The male sex hormone, testosterone is also found in women where low
asexual
having no sexual attraction to others
estrogens
female sex hormones; contributes to female characteristics; peaks during ovulation;
What is the human sexual response cycle, and how do sexual dysfunctions and paraphilias differ?
Excitement: swelling, pulse/blood pressure rise, lubricating. Plateau: pulse/blood pressure continue to rise, penis erect, secretions continue, clitoris retracts. Sexual dysfunctions impair a person's ability to complete this cycle. Paraphilias cause peop
sexual response cycle
four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson; excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution;
refractory period
resting period after orgasm; men cannot achieve another orgasm during this period, women can;
sexual dysfunction
problem that consistently impairs sexual arousal/function; impairs a person's ability to complete the sexual response cycle; erectile disorder, premature ejaculation, female orgasmic disorder;
erectile disorder
inability to develop or maintain an erection; insufficient bloodflow to penis
premature ejaculation
reaching sexual climax before man or partner wishes
female orgasmic disorder
distress about infrequently or never achieving orgasm
paraphilias
sexual arousal from fantasies, behaviors or urges involving nonhuman objects, suffering of self/others/nonconsenting persons;
How can sexually transmitted infections be prevented?
Protection during sex using a condom prevents the spread of most infections.
AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome)
life-threatening STI caused by HIV; depletes the immune system, leaving individual susceptible to infections;
How do external and imagined stimuli contribute to sexual arousal?
Watching and becoming aroused by erotic material helps men and women formulate sexual fantasies in their imagination. The material individuals expose themselves to affect their fantasies and expectations about sexual behavior.
What factors influence teenagers' sexual behaviors and use of contraceptives?
Communication about birth control, passion, alcohol use, media, intelligence, religious engagement, father presence, and service learning participation all have either negative or positive impacts on sexual development and pregnancy.
What has research taught us about sexual orientation?
If there are environmental factors that influence sexual orientation, we haven't found them. Homosexuality is a natural part of the animal world. There are several biological factors that influence sexual orientation including brain differences (hypothalm
sexual orientation
where we express the direction of our sexual interest; an enduring sexual attraction towards members of either one's own sex, the other sex, or both sexes;
How might evolutionary psychologists explain gender differences in sexuality and mating preferences?
They suggest that women and men will choose partners and behave sexually in ways that will best support their offspring. Women prefer wealthy men and men are attracted to the ratio between a woman's waist and hips. Women are more sexually cautious than me
evolutionary psychology
study of how our behavior and mind have changed in adaptive ways over time due to natural selection
natural selection
the principle that traits linked to increased reproduction and survival will most likely be passed onto succeeding generations
What are the key criticisms of evolutionary explanations human sexuality, and how do evolutionary psuchologitsts respond?
Evolutionary psychology's explanations of human sexuality have been criticized because they tend to find an effect and work backward to find the cause, their explanations are based on decisions ancestors made long ago and modern men may use these explanat
girls tend to play in small groups, while boys tend to play in large groups
Females and males are very similar to each other. But one way they differ is that
Y
The fertilized egg will develop into a boy if it receives a(n) _____ chromosome from its father.
reproductive organs; non-reproductive traits
Primary sex characteriscs relate to ________ ________; secondary sex characteristics refer to ________ ________.
11; 13
On average, girls begin puberty at about the age of _____, boys at the about the age of ______.
intersex
Those born with sexual anatomy that differs from "standard" male or female babies may be considered ________.
expectations about the way males and females should behave
Gender roles refers to our
gender identity
When children have developed a ________ ________, they have a sense of being male or female.
sharp rise in sexual interest at puberty.
A striking effect of hormonal changes on human sexual behavior is the:
men experience a refractory period during which they cannot experience orgasm.
In describing the sexual response cycle, Masters and Johnson noted that:
does; doesn't
The use of condoms during sex _____ reduce the risk of getting HIV and _____ fully protect against skin-to-skin STIs.
a sexually explicit film.
An example of an external stimulus that might influence sexual behavior is:
alcohol use.
Factors contributing to unplanned teen pregnancies include:
environmental factors
Which factors have researchers thus far found to be unrelated to the development of our sexual orientation?
natural selection of the fittest adaptations.
Evolutionary psychologists are most likely to focus on: