Wilhelm Wundt
father of psychology
Wilhelm Wundt
believed some things about humans can be measured in a scientific fashion
Wilhelm Wundt
founded the first laboratory devoted to the experimental study of the psychological phenomena
Wilhelm Wundt
emphasized the analysis of the conscious process
Psychology
study of the mental process and behavior
Sigmund Freud
Psychoanalysis
Sigmund Freud
his theories are based on the effects of unconscious conflicts within the individual
Sigmund Freud
divided the personality into three parts: Id, Ego, and Superego
Id
Impulse
Ego
Moral compass
Superego
alternate idea/balance
Sigmund Freud
his interpretations of dreams are usually sexual in nature
William James
Focused on how humans function and adapt to their environment
William James
Knowability v. Unknowability
Knowability
Born with all knowledge
Unknowability
Born with no knowledge
William James
Study of habits. Ex-getting up in the morning
William James
Our science is a drop, our ignorance a sea.
John B. Watson
Behaviorist
Behaviorism
Views behavior as the product of learning and associations
John B. Watson
Believed that nearly everything we are is caused by learning
John B. Watson
First to receive a doctorate degree from University of Chicago
John B. Watson
Believed that psychology was the study of observable measurable behavior
John B. Watson
White rat experiment with child being afraid (Little Albert)
6 Approaches to Psychology
1. Biopsychological Approach
2. Behaviorism Approach
3. Psychoanalytic Approach
4. Humanistic Approach
5. Cognitive Approach
6. Sociocultural Approach
biopsychological approach
Views behavior as strongly influenced by psychological functions
biopsychological approach
Analysis: physical malfunction. Chemical imbalance.
Behaviorism approach
Focus on what can be seen
Behaviorism approach
We become whatever our environment forces us to be
Behaviorism approach
John B. Watson and Skinner
Skinner
First to use positive reinforcements
Behaviorism approach
Analysis: to effect human behavior a person must have the proper punishments and reinforcements (sometimes this is tough love)
positive reinforcement
A positive event or stimulus is applied
negative reinforcement
An adverse stimulus is removed
Punishments
An adverse stimulus is applied
Psychoanalytic Approach
The individual is the product of unconscious forces
Psychoanalytic Approach
Focus is on sex and aggression
Psychoanalytic Approach
Sigmund Freud and Erich Fromm
Psychoanalytic Approach
Believes that psychological problems are symptoms of inner conflicts repressed during childhood
Psychoanalytic task
To help the client bring these hidden conflicts to conscious awareness so they can be effectively dealt with
humanistic approach
People are basically good and capable of helping themselves
humanistic approach
Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow
humanistic approach
focused on our inner capacities for growth and self-fulfillment
self-actualizing tendency
You will live up to what you think of yourself
humanistic approach
Realize one's potential
humanistic approach
Analysis: all problems will work out if given enough time
Cognitive Approach
Emphasizes how humans use mental processes to handle problems (thinking or mental problems)
Cognitive Approach
Treatment focuses on getting emotions under control, using reason
Cognitive Approach
George Kelly and Albert Ellis
Cognitive Approach
Analysis: take out paper and pen and self-analyze
Cognitive approach
Tell yourself positive thoughts
Sociocultural approach
Behavior is strongly influenced by rules and expectations of social groups and cultures
Sociocultural Approach
Karen Horney
Karen Horney
Believed that childhood is characterized by two needs:
1. Satisfaction: basic needs like food, water, and sleep
2. Safety: feel wanted and loved
Sociocultural Approach
Analysis: understanding social demands and deciding which are the most important to you