behaviorism
the school of psychology that accounts for behavior in terms of observable acts and events without reference to mental entities such as "mind" or "will
unconditioned stimulus
an event or thing that elicits a response automatically or reflexively
unconditioned response
an action automatically produced by a stimulus
conditional stimulus
something that becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus and produces a similar reaction
classical conditioning
the procedure by which a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus without the role of choice by the subject
extinction
when the conditioned response disappears after the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus
spontaneous recovery
the reappearance of a response after extinction
higher-order conditioning
when a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus by being paired with an already established conditioned stimulus
generalization
after a stimulus becomes conditioned other similar stimuli may produce a similar reaction
discrimination
different responses are made to stimuli that resemble the conditioned stimulus in some way
counter conditioning
a conditioned stimulus is paired with some other stimulus that elicits a response incompatible with the unwanted response
operant conditioning
rewards and punishments are used but the subject is allowed to choose based on the consequences of its actions
Skinner
person associated with operant conditioning
Pavlov and Watson
people associated with classical conditioning
Dollard and Miller
people associated with social cognitive learning
Bandura
person associated with observational learning
latent learning
learning that goes on without the person being aware of it
acquisition
associating the conditioned stimulus with the unconditioned stimulus
reinforcement
strengthens the response or makes it more likely to occur
reinforcer
strengthens a behavior
reward
gives subject pleasure
primary reinforcers
these satisfy biological needs and include food, water, light, etc.
secondary reinforcers
include awards, good grades, money, applause, etc.
primary punishers
include extreme heat/cold, pain
secondary punishers
include criticism, fines, bad grades, etc.
positive reinforcement
a pleasant consequence makes a response more likely
negative reinforcement
something unpleasant is removed to make a response more likely
positive punishment
something unpleasant may occur following a behavior
negative punishment
something pleasant is removed as a result of behavior
successive approximations
behaviors that are ordered in terms of increasing similarity or closeness to the desired response
instinctive drift
the tendency for an organism to revert to instinctive behavior in operant conditioning
Thorndike's Law of Effect
stated that behavior is controlled by its consequences
pigeons
Skinner experimented primarily with...
shaping
gradual reinforcement of little behaviors to shape much more complex behaviors by chaining the steps together
behavior modification
the application of operant conditioning techniques to teach new responses or to reduce or eliminate problematic behavior
extrinsic reinforcers
reinforcers that are not inherently related to the activity being reinforced such as money or gold stars
intrinsic reinforcers
reinforcers that are inherently related to the activity being reinforced
observational learning
learning from watching what others do and what happens to them for doing it
learning
any relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs due to experience
Watson
worked with "Anxious Albert
schedule of reinforcement
the pattern of delivery of reinforcement
continuous reinforcement
reinforcing a response each time it occurs
variable ratio
another name for "gambler's urge
reciprocal determinism
the interaction between individuals and their environment determines how they will perceive the stimulus
Tolman
experimented with latent learning using rats in a maze
Seligman
developed learned helplessness through experiments with dogs in electric cages
learned helplessness
the tendency to fail to act to escape from a situation because of a history of repeated failures in the past
Kohler
developed insight learning based on experiments with chimps trying to get bananas
insight
sudden perception into the solution of a problem, a new way to combine elements to solve a problem is discovered
attention, memory, imitation, motivation
AMIM (observational learning)