Major depression
recurring episodes of dysphoria and negative thinking.
Bipolar disorder
moods swing from depression to mania over time; previously called manic depressive disorder
Reactive depression
state of sadness in response to situations like loss of a loved one.
elation
The primary symptom of mania
cortisol
The most consistent neuroendocrine abnormality in depressed individuals is abnormal secretion of
HPA axis
Early life traumas apparently alter the set point for the _____________________, making it permanently over-responsive and increasing risk for later depression, anxiety disorders, and alcohol abuse.
Dexamethasone
a synthetic glucocorticoid that should act as negative-feedback to suppress release of CRF and ACTH, resulting in lower cortisol levels.
REM latency
Depressed individuals show a shorter ___________________________ at all ages
Melatonin
has been used to resynchronize circadian rhythms and sleep cycles, but it has a short half-life and is not very effective in sleep disorders in depressed patients.
reserpine
Reduces high blood pressure, induces depression as a side effect by preventing packaging of neuro-transmitters into vesicles, leaving them in the cytoplasm, where monoamine oxidase (MAO) degrades them.
antidepressants, MAOIs and tricyclics
increase the function of NE and 5-HT and reverse reserpine-induced reduction in motor activity in animal models.
antidepressants
increase 5-HT by blocking reuptake, or inhibiting MAO
The serotonin-norepinephrine hypothesis of depression
There are anatomical and functional interactions between NE neurons originating in the locus coeruleus and the 5-HT neurons in the raphe nuclei.
The glucocorticoid hypothesis of depression
focuses on the stress-related neuro-endocrine abnormalities of depression.
c. They produce less harmful side effects than the older medications
What is the major advantage of the second-generation antidepressants over the MAOIs and the TCAs?
a. They are more effective in treating depression
b. They work faster than the older classes of drugs
c. They produce less harmful side effects than the olde
a. The amygdala normally inhibits the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, whereas the hippocampus activates it.
Which of the following, according to the glucocorticoid hypothesis of depression, is false?
a. The amygdala normally inhibits the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, whereas the hippocampus activates it.
b. Chronic high cortisol levels cause loss o
b. people with depression have extraordinarily high levels of the serotonin metabolite 5-HIAA in their urine.
The monoamine hypothesis is supported by all of the following findings except
a. the drug reserpine depletes vesicles of monoamine transmitters and causes depression.
b. people with depression have extraordinarily high levels of the serotonin metabolite 5
a. Increases catecholamine activity
Which of the following is not a way that lithium acts on the synapse?
a. Increases catecholamine activity
b. Increases 5-HT and 5-HIAA
c. Affects second messenger systems
d. Influences brain neurotrophic factors
b. It is taken for the maintenance period of 6-8 months and should then be safely withdrawn.
Which of the following about lithium is false?
a. It reduces manic symptoms in about 60-80% of cases.
b. It is taken for the maintenance period of 6-8 months and should then be safely withdrawn.
c. It is often administered with an antidepressant drug.
d.
a. The dose required to reduce depression symptoms is much higher than that needed for anesthesia.
Which of the following statements regarding intravenous ketamine as a treatment for depression is false?
a. The dose required to reduce depression symptoms is much higher than that needed for anesthesia.
b. It reduces symptoms in 65-70% of patients who ar
c. Anxiety
Which of the following is not a side effect of lithium?
a. Increased thirst and urination
b. Impaired concentration and memory
c. Anxiety
d. Weight gain
a. blurred vision.
All of the following are side effects of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) except
a. blurred vision.
b. insomnia.
c. headache.
d. sexual dysfunction.
d. These drugs have little use in the treatment of depression given the availability of safer drugs, and no use in the treatment of other disorders
Which of the following about MAO inhibitors is false?
a. The first MAO-I, iproniazid, was discovered by accident while investigating treatments for tuberculosis
b. They can be used safely with proper dietary restrictions
c. They block the metabolism of no
a. They enhance the function of the presynaptic transporter protein for serotonin and/or norepinephrine.
Which of the following about tricyclic antidepressants is false?
a. They enhance the function of the presynaptic transporter protein for serotonin and/or norepinephrine.
b. They cause long-term adaptive changes at the synapse that are related to their the
d. Glucocorticoids released into the bloodstream provide positive feedback amplifying HPA activation
Which of the following events does not occur during stress activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis?
a. NE and ACh regulate the release of corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF) from the hypothalamus
b. ACTH causes the release of cortiso
c. The therapeutic effects of antidepressants involve changes in the brain that can take up to several weeks to develop
Which of the following concerning the use of antidepressant medication in general is true?
a. Placebo-controlled studies show that antidepressant medications are effective in about 80% of the people that use them for depression
b. Antidepressant drugs hav
c. It occurs in about 10% of the population.
Which of the following about bipolar disorder is false?
a. It involves cycles of depression and mania that, after onset of the disorder, persist throughout the life span.
b. It can provide times of creativity and productivity if the energy during the mani
a. Enhanced activity of cytochrome P450 enzymes
Which of the following is not a problem or side effect of MAOIs?
a. Enhanced activity of cytochrome P450 enzymes
b. Overeating of carbohydrates
c. Interaction with drugs that affect the sympathetic nervous system
d. Elevated tyramine levels when combined
d. affects approximately 15% to 20% of the population at any given time.
Depression
a. is most likely to recur following a period of stress.
b. affects men and women equally.
c. will not improve on its own; therapy is required.
d. affects approximately 15% to 20% of the population at any given time.
c. Sexual dysfunction
Which side effect is a frequent reason for individuals terminating SSRI use?
a. Anxiety
b. Insomnia
c. Sexual dysfunction
d. Muscle rigidity
b. acute antidepressant treatment protects neurons by increasing BDNF.
The neurotrophic hypothesis of depression is supported by all of the following except
a. chronic stress decreases hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF).
b. acute antidepressant treatment protects neurons by increasing BDNF.
c. chronic antid
b. Lithium therapy
Which of the following is not primarily used for treating major depression?
a. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
b. Lithium therapy
c. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAO-Is)
d. Atypical antidepressants
c. hypertension (high blood pressure).
All of the following are potential side effects of the tricyclic antidepressants except
a. sedation.
b. confusion.
c. hypertension (high blood pressure).
d. urinary retention.
d. tolerance develops to the therapeutic effect as 5-HT transporters (presynaptic reuptake channels) are downregulated.
Animal studies of the acute and chronic effects of antidepressants on serotonin have shown all of the following except
a. the autoreceptors are activated acutely, causing a decrease in synthesis and release of 5-HT.
b. the reuptake transporters remain blo