Developmental Psych- GRE

Mary Ainsworth

Devised the "Strange Situation", to attachment theory. Classified behavior in 3 basic types: insecure/avoidant, Attachment (Type A), secure attachment (Type B), and insecure/ resistant attachment(Type C)

Bandura

Performed "Bobo doll" experiment to study the modeling of aggression

Diane Baumrind

Studied relationship between parental style and Aggression. Proposed 3 parenting styles: authoritarian, authoritative, and permissive

J. Bowlby

Studied attachment in human children

Noam Chomsky

suggest that children have an innate capacity for language acquisition. Studies transformational grammar, and founded term: language acquisition device (LAD)

Erik Erikson

Outlined 8 stages of PSYCHOSOCIAL development covering the entire lifespan. 1.)trust v. mistrust, 2.)autonomy v. shame & doubt, 3.)initiative v. guilt, 4.)industry v. inferiority, 5.) identity v. role confusion, 6.)intimacy v. isolation, 7.) generativity

Sigmund Freud

Outlined five stages of psychosexual development; stressed the importance of the Oedipal conflict in psychosexual development. Five stages are: oral, anal, phallic/Oedipal, latency, and finally genital stage.

A. Gesell

Believed development was due primarily due to maturation

Carol Gilligan

Suggested that males and females have different orientations toward morality

G. Hall

Founder of Developmental Psychology

H. Harlow

Used monkeys and "surrogate monkeys" to study the role of contact comfort in bond formation

Lawrence Kohlberg

Studied moral development using moral dilemmas. 3 phases: 1.) Preconventional morality, punishment/obedience; 2.) Conventional morality,"good-girl/nice-boy"/"law and order orientation; 3.) post-conventional morality, social contract orientation/ universal

J. Locke

British philosopher who suggested that infants had no predetermined tendencies, that they were blank slates (tabula rasa) to be written on by experience

Konrad Lorenz

Studies imprinting on birds

Jean Piaget

Outlined 4 stages of cognitive development; studied the development of conservation. The stages are: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operation, and formal operational

J. Rousseau

French philosopher who suggested that development could unfold without help from society

L. Terman

Performed longitudinal study on gifted children

R. Tyron

Studied genetic basis od maze-running ability in rats

L. Vygotsky

Studies cognitive development; stressed the importance of the zone of proximal development

Sensorimotor (Piaget)

0- 18 months- Primary and secondary circular reactions (infant begins to coordinate several movements and actions)

Pre-operational (Piaget)

18 months- 7 years- Object permanence (beginning of representational thought), centration (egocentrism, conservationism, etc)

Concrete operational (Piaget)

7-11 years- perspective taking

Formal operational (Piaget)

Adolescence- Abstract thought, scientific thinking

Vygotsky's Theory of Cognitive Development

Social context is important

Phonology

Sound stem of language
* Categorical Perception
* 40 phonemes in English language

Pragmatics

concerns to use of language
� Efficient use of language

Freud

humans are born with a libido, and sexuality is inextricably linked to emotional and psychological growth and health

Oral Stage (Freud)

0-1

Anal Stage (Freud)

1-3

Phallic Stage (Freud)

3-5 Oedipal Complex

Latency (Freud)

5- puberty

Genital stage

Puberty- adulthood

Erikson

life is made up of a series of life crises, and individuals try to find the choice with the most favorable outcome

Trust vs. Mistrust (Erikson)

0-1

Autonomy v. Shame & Doubt (Erikson)

1-3

Initiative vs. guilt (Erikson)

3-6

industry vs. Inferiority (Erikson)

6- puberty

Identity vs. Role Confusion (Erikson)

Puberty

Generativity vs. Stagnation (Erikson)

Middle Adulthood

Integrity vs. Despair (Erikson)

Older Adulthood

Temperament

1.) Central aspect of personality
2.) Individual differences
3.) Somewhat heritable
4.) Emerges early in life
5.) Stable over time
6.) Pervasive across situations
7.) Common features: activity level, negative emotionality and sociability

Temperament is measured by

1.) Parent reports of children's behaviors
2.) Observations in naturalistic settings
3.) Observation in laboratory settings

Thomas and & Chess

3 Temperaments of Children 1.) Easy
2.) Slow- to- warm- up
3.) Difficult

John Bowlby

The attachment bond
Studies children raised in orphanages and institutions (in 2-3 months, infants respond identically to all strangers with a smiling face)

Mary Ainsworth

Strange Situation" Insecure/ Avoidant
Secure
Insecure/ Ambivalent or resistant

Lawrence Kohlberg

Theory of Moral Development

Kohlberg's three stage theory of self socialization

1.) Gender labeling (2- 3 BD years of age)- children they're members of a particular sex
2.) Gender stability ( 3BD- 4 BD)- children can predict they will still be a boy or girl when they grow up
3.) Gender consistency (4 BD- 7 years)- children understand

Martin and Halverson

gender schematic processing theory seeks to understand mechanisms underlying gender in young children; as soon as children are about to lable themselves, they focus on characteristics related to gender and tend to ignore characteristics related to the opp

Diane Baumrind

3 styles of Parenting 1.) Authoritarian - tend to use punitive control methods and lack emotional warmth
2.) Authoritative- have high demands for child compliance, but score low on punitive behaviors and score high on emotional warmth
3.) Permissive - ver