Mary Ainsworth
Devised the "Strange Situation", to attachment theory. Classified behavior in 3 basic types: insecure/avoidant, Attachment (Type A), secure attachment (Type B), and insecure/ resistant attachment(Type C)
Bandura
Performed "Bobo doll" experiment to study the modeling of aggression
Diane Baumrind
Studied relationship between parental style and Aggression. Proposed 3 parenting styles: authoritarian, authoritative, and permissive
J. Bowlby
Studied attachment in human children
Noam Chomsky
suggest that children have an innate capacity for language acquisition. Studies transformational grammar, and founded term: language acquisition device (LAD)
Erik Erikson
Outlined 8 stages of PSYCHOSOCIAL development covering the entire lifespan. 1.)trust v. mistrust, 2.)autonomy v. shame & doubt, 3.)initiative v. guilt, 4.)industry v. inferiority, 5.) identity v. role confusion, 6.)intimacy v. isolation, 7.) generativity
Sigmund Freud
Outlined five stages of psychosexual development; stressed the importance of the Oedipal conflict in psychosexual development. Five stages are: oral, anal, phallic/Oedipal, latency, and finally genital stage.
A. Gesell
Believed development was due primarily due to maturation
Carol Gilligan
Suggested that males and females have different orientations toward morality
G. Hall
Founder of Developmental Psychology
H. Harlow
Used monkeys and "surrogate monkeys" to study the role of contact comfort in bond formation
Lawrence Kohlberg
Studied moral development using moral dilemmas. 3 phases: 1.) Preconventional morality, punishment/obedience; 2.) Conventional morality,"good-girl/nice-boy"/"law and order orientation; 3.) post-conventional morality, social contract orientation/ universal
J. Locke
British philosopher who suggested that infants had no predetermined tendencies, that they were blank slates (tabula rasa) to be written on by experience
Konrad Lorenz
Studies imprinting on birds
Jean Piaget
Outlined 4 stages of cognitive development; studied the development of conservation. The stages are: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operation, and formal operational
J. Rousseau
French philosopher who suggested that development could unfold without help from society
L. Terman
Performed longitudinal study on gifted children
R. Tyron
Studied genetic basis od maze-running ability in rats
L. Vygotsky
Studies cognitive development; stressed the importance of the zone of proximal development
Sensorimotor (Piaget)
0- 18 months- Primary and secondary circular reactions (infant begins to coordinate several movements and actions)
Pre-operational (Piaget)
18 months- 7 years- Object permanence (beginning of representational thought), centration (egocentrism, conservationism, etc)
Concrete operational (Piaget)
7-11 years- perspective taking
Formal operational (Piaget)
Adolescence- Abstract thought, scientific thinking
Vygotsky's Theory of Cognitive Development
Social context is important
Phonology
Sound stem of language
* Categorical Perception
* 40 phonemes in English language
Pragmatics
concerns to use of language
� Efficient use of language
Freud
humans are born with a libido, and sexuality is inextricably linked to emotional and psychological growth and health
Oral Stage (Freud)
0-1
Anal Stage (Freud)
1-3
Phallic Stage (Freud)
3-5 Oedipal Complex
Latency (Freud)
5- puberty
Genital stage
Puberty- adulthood
Erikson
life is made up of a series of life crises, and individuals try to find the choice with the most favorable outcome
Trust vs. Mistrust (Erikson)
0-1
Autonomy v. Shame & Doubt (Erikson)
1-3
Initiative vs. guilt (Erikson)
3-6
industry vs. Inferiority (Erikson)
6- puberty
Identity vs. Role Confusion (Erikson)
Puberty
Generativity vs. Stagnation (Erikson)
Middle Adulthood
Integrity vs. Despair (Erikson)
Older Adulthood
Temperament
1.) Central aspect of personality
2.) Individual differences
3.) Somewhat heritable
4.) Emerges early in life
5.) Stable over time
6.) Pervasive across situations
7.) Common features: activity level, negative emotionality and sociability
Temperament is measured by
1.) Parent reports of children's behaviors
2.) Observations in naturalistic settings
3.) Observation in laboratory settings
Thomas and & Chess
3 Temperaments of Children 1.) Easy
2.) Slow- to- warm- up
3.) Difficult
John Bowlby
The attachment bond
Studies children raised in orphanages and institutions (in 2-3 months, infants respond identically to all strangers with a smiling face)
Mary Ainsworth
Strange Situation" Insecure/ Avoidant
Secure
Insecure/ Ambivalent or resistant
Lawrence Kohlberg
Theory of Moral Development
Kohlberg's three stage theory of self socialization
1.) Gender labeling (2- 3 BD years of age)- children they're members of a particular sex
2.) Gender stability ( 3BD- 4 BD)- children can predict they will still be a boy or girl when they grow up
3.) Gender consistency (4 BD- 7 years)- children understand
Martin and Halverson
gender schematic processing theory seeks to understand mechanisms underlying gender in young children; as soon as children are about to lable themselves, they focus on characteristics related to gender and tend to ignore characteristics related to the opp
Diane Baumrind
3 styles of Parenting 1.) Authoritarian - tend to use punitive control methods and lack emotional warmth
2.) Authoritative- have high demands for child compliance, but score low on punitive behaviors and score high on emotional warmth
3.) Permissive - ver