Wilhelm Wundt
Person; Laboratory of Psychology; established modern psychology as separate, formed field.
Sigmund Freud
Focused on unconscious mind; psychoanalytical approach
John Watson
Focus on only observable facts of behavior
B.F. Skinner
Reinforcement" response to behavior increases liklihood behavior will be repeated.
Jean Piaget
Theory of Cognitive Development
William James
Principles of Psychology, taught 1st psych class at Harvard.
Sir Francis Galton
Studied how heredity influences a person's abilities, character, and behavior
Ivan Pavlov
Russian psychologist
Abraham Maslow
hierarchy of needs
Carl Rogers
Humans are inherently good
Carl Jung
Disciple of Freud; "collective unconscious" myths, fairytales
Alfred Kinsey
Biologist; first study of sexual behavior
Jane Goodall
British zoologist, worked with chimpanzees
Mary Whiton Calkins
Female pioneer in psychology; first female president of APA
Stanley Milgram
Studied pain inflicted on others.
Psychology
Scientific study of behavior and mental processes.
Psychological
Having to do with an organisms physical processes
Coginitive
Knowledge and beliefs
Hypothesis
Assumption or prediction about behavior that is tested through scientific research.
Theory
Set of assumptions used to explain phenomena and offered for scientific study.
Scientific method
General approach to gathering information and answering questions
Structuralist
A psychologist who studies basic elements that make up conscious mental experiments
Functionalist
Psychologist who studies the function of consciousness
Psychoanalytical, behavioral, humanistic, cognitive, biological, sociocultural
Six contemporary approaches to psychology
Psychoanalytic
Study of how unconscious motives and conflicts determine human behavior
Behavioral
Analyze how organisms learn or modify
Humanistic
Individuals have freedom in direction future; achieving personal growth
Cognitive
Focus on memory and other mental processes
Biological
How physical/chemical changes influence behavior
Sociocultural
How culture and ethnic factors influence behavior, thinking and social functioning
Psychiatry
Branch of medicine that deals with mental, emotional and/or behavioral disorders.
Clinical
Psychologist that diagnose and treat people with disturbances.
Counseling
Type of psychologist that helps people deal with problems of living
Developmental
Type of psychologist that studies emotional, cognitive, biological, personal and social changes that occur as an individual matures
Educational
Type of psychologist concentrated with helping students learn
Community
Type of psychologist that works in a mental health or social welfare agency
Industrial/Organizational
Type of psychologist that applies psychological concepts to improve workplace.
Experimental
Type of psychologist that is deeply involved in scientific investigation and research
Neuropsychologist
Type of psychologist that studies brain function, brain/behavior relationship, normal brain functioning, and effects of accidents or illness on the brain.
cognitive, emotional, motivational
Mentalism
knowledge and beliefs
Cognitive part of mentalism
affect, moods, feelings
Emotional part of mentalism
drives, needs, desires, goals and purposes
Motivational part of mentalism
description, explanation, prediction, influence
Four goals of psychology
scientific method
What is the basis of psychology
Sample
Small group of participants, out of the total number available, that a researcher studies.
Naturalistic observations
Type of research; observing subject in natural setting
laboratory observations
Type of research; observing subject it laboratory
case study
Type of research; intensive study of a person or group
interview
Type of research; information obtained by asking many people a set of fixed questions- psychological tests are a form of this
longitudinal studies
Type of research; same group studied over many years to asses change during development
cross-sectional studies
Type of research; Data collected from groups of participants from different ages and compared to draw conclusions
Experiment
Type of research; done in a controlled setting
Correlation
The measure of a relationship between two variables or sets of data
Variable
Any factor that is capable of change
experimental group
The group to which an independent variable is appleid
control group
Group that is trated in the same way as experimental group except experimental treatment is not applied
placebo effect
Change in a participants illness or behavior that results from a belief that the treatment will have an effect, rather than actual treatment.
self-fulfilling prophecy
Situation in which a researcher's expectations influence that person's own behavior, thereby influence participant's behavior
Hypothesis, set up, experiment, conclusions
Steps in research
bias, consent
Ethical concerns in research
Reliability
A measurement that produces the same results again
Validity
A measurement which is measuring what it claims to measure.
confirmation bias
Type of bias; focusing on evidence that supports a position a person wants to believe/prove
experimenter bias
Type of bias; researcher preferences or expectations influence results
sampling bias
Type of bias; sample studied does not correctly represent the population the researcher wants to draw conclusions about
subject bias
Type of bias; research subjects behavior chances results