Psych Unit 1

Wilhelm Wundt

Person; Laboratory of Psychology; established modern psychology as separate, formed field.

Sigmund Freud

Focused on unconscious mind; psychoanalytical approach

John Watson

Focus on only observable facts of behavior

B.F. Skinner

Reinforcement" response to behavior increases liklihood behavior will be repeated.

Jean Piaget

Theory of Cognitive Development

William James

Principles of Psychology, taught 1st psych class at Harvard.

Sir Francis Galton

Studied how heredity influences a person's abilities, character, and behavior

Ivan Pavlov

Russian psychologist

Abraham Maslow

hierarchy of needs

Carl Rogers

Humans are inherently good

Carl Jung

Disciple of Freud; "collective unconscious" myths, fairytales

Alfred Kinsey

Biologist; first study of sexual behavior

Jane Goodall

British zoologist, worked with chimpanzees

Mary Whiton Calkins

Female pioneer in psychology; first female president of APA

Stanley Milgram

Studied pain inflicted on others.

Psychology

Scientific study of behavior and mental processes.

Psychological

Having to do with an organisms physical processes

Coginitive

Knowledge and beliefs

Hypothesis

Assumption or prediction about behavior that is tested through scientific research.

Theory

Set of assumptions used to explain phenomena and offered for scientific study.

Scientific method

General approach to gathering information and answering questions

Structuralist

A psychologist who studies basic elements that make up conscious mental experiments

Functionalist

Psychologist who studies the function of consciousness

Psychoanalytical, behavioral, humanistic, cognitive, biological, sociocultural

Six contemporary approaches to psychology

Psychoanalytic

Study of how unconscious motives and conflicts determine human behavior

Behavioral

Analyze how organisms learn or modify

Humanistic

Individuals have freedom in direction future; achieving personal growth

Cognitive

Focus on memory and other mental processes

Biological

How physical/chemical changes influence behavior

Sociocultural

How culture and ethnic factors influence behavior, thinking and social functioning

Psychiatry

Branch of medicine that deals with mental, emotional and/or behavioral disorders.

Clinical

Psychologist that diagnose and treat people with disturbances.

Counseling

Type of psychologist that helps people deal with problems of living

Developmental

Type of psychologist that studies emotional, cognitive, biological, personal and social changes that occur as an individual matures

Educational

Type of psychologist concentrated with helping students learn

Community

Type of psychologist that works in a mental health or social welfare agency

Industrial/Organizational

Type of psychologist that applies psychological concepts to improve workplace.

Experimental

Type of psychologist that is deeply involved in scientific investigation and research

Neuropsychologist

Type of psychologist that studies brain function, brain/behavior relationship, normal brain functioning, and effects of accidents or illness on the brain.

cognitive, emotional, motivational

Mentalism

knowledge and beliefs

Cognitive part of mentalism

affect, moods, feelings

Emotional part of mentalism

drives, needs, desires, goals and purposes

Motivational part of mentalism

description, explanation, prediction, influence

Four goals of psychology

scientific method

What is the basis of psychology

Sample

Small group of participants, out of the total number available, that a researcher studies.

Naturalistic observations

Type of research; observing subject in natural setting

laboratory observations

Type of research; observing subject it laboratory

case study

Type of research; intensive study of a person or group

interview

Type of research; information obtained by asking many people a set of fixed questions- psychological tests are a form of this

longitudinal studies

Type of research; same group studied over many years to asses change during development

cross-sectional studies

Type of research; Data collected from groups of participants from different ages and compared to draw conclusions

Experiment

Type of research; done in a controlled setting

Correlation

The measure of a relationship between two variables or sets of data

Variable

Any factor that is capable of change

experimental group

The group to which an independent variable is appleid

control group

Group that is trated in the same way as experimental group except experimental treatment is not applied

placebo effect

Change in a participants illness or behavior that results from a belief that the treatment will have an effect, rather than actual treatment.

self-fulfilling prophecy

Situation in which a researcher's expectations influence that person's own behavior, thereby influence participant's behavior

Hypothesis, set up, experiment, conclusions

Steps in research

bias, consent

Ethical concerns in research

Reliability

A measurement that produces the same results again

Validity

A measurement which is measuring what it claims to measure.

confirmation bias

Type of bias; focusing on evidence that supports a position a person wants to believe/prove

experimenter bias

Type of bias; researcher preferences or expectations influence results

sampling bias

Type of bias; sample studied does not correctly represent the population the researcher wants to draw conclusions about

subject bias

Type of bias; research subjects behavior chances results