Ethos
appeal to credibility; ethics, public image, "being one of the group
Pathos
appeal to emotion; passion, gut reactions, positive/negative
Logos
appeal to logic; facts, data, cause and effect, precedent
Allusion
a reference to another work of literature, person, or event
Metaphor
a comparison between two unlike things
Simile
a comparison using "like" or "as
Metonymy
a figure of speech in which something is referred to by using the name of something that is associated with it
Personification
a figure of speech in which an object or animal is given human feelings, thoughts, or attitudes
Synecdoche
a figure of speech in which a part is made to represent the whole or vice versa
Hyperbole
over exaggeration
Euphemism
an indirect, less offensive way of saying something that is considered unpleasant
Litotes
ironic understatement in which an affirmative is expressed by its negative
Parallel Structure
the repetition of a chosen grammatical form within a sentence to show that two or more things have the same level of importance
Juxtaposition
placement of two things closely together to emphasize comparisons or contrasts
Anaphora
the repetition of words or phrases at the beginning of consecutive lines or sentences
Epistrophe
ending a series of lines, phrases, clauses, or sentences with the same word or words
Asyndeton
the omission or absence of a conjunction between parts of a sentence
Polysydeton
use of many consecutive conjunctions
Antithesis
the direct opposite or sharp contrast in a balanced or parallel construction
Inclusive Pronouns
pronouns to make the reader feel included
Loaded Language
words with strongly positive or negative emotions
Cacophony
a harsh mixture of sounds
Euphony
pleasant, harmonious sound