Patronage
the practice of giving jobs to loyal supporters
Civil Service
all federal jobs except elected positions and the armed forces
Gilded Age
a time period between 1870s through 1890s that reformers began to take steps to combat political corruption
Interstate Commerce Commission
to oversee the railroads
Sherman Antitrust Act
the act prohibited trusts or other business from limiting competition
muckraker
journalist who exposed corruption and other problems of the later 1800s and early 1900s
public interest
the good of the people
primary
election in which voters chose their party's candidate for the general election
initiative
a process by which voters can put a bill directly before the state legislature by collecting signatures on a petition
referendum
voters can overturn a law that they feel is unfit
recall
process by which voters can remove an elected official from office
graduated income tax
tax on earnings that charges different rates for different income tax
William Tweed
carried corruption to new heights
Ida Tarbell
a muckraker/journalist who exposed unfair business practices of the Standard Oil Trust
Upton Sinclair
shocked the nation when he published "The Jungle
Progressives
reformer in the late 1800s and the early 1900s who wanted to improve American life
Wisconsin Idea
series of Progressive reforms introduced in the early 1900s by Wisconsin governor Robert La Follette
merit
ability
Civil Service Commission
government agency created by the Pendleton Act of 1883 to fill federal jobs on the basis of merit
interstate commerce
business that crosses state lines
conservation
protecting of the natural resources
Pure Food and Drug Act
required food and drug manufactures to list their ingredients on their labels
The Meat Inspection Act
forced factory owners to allow inspectors into their factories
Square Deal
workers and owners should have equal opportunities
Trustbuster
someone who wanted to destroy all trust
What did Roosevelt promise to businesses when he was elected?
to continue to pro-businesses polices that McKinley had outlined
What did Theodore Roosevelt strongly believe in?
he strongly believed in a good government
What did Theodore consider himself to be?
a trustbuster
The United States Federal Reserve System was established to
regulate the money supply
President Theodore Roosevelt's Square Deal and President Lyndon Johnson's Great Society were similar in that both
increased the role of the Federal Government in dealing with social and economic problems
Which action was necessary to change from the indirect to the direct election of United States Senators?
ratification of a constitutional amendment
An important political aim of the Progressive movement was to
stimulate democratic reforms such as the initiative and the referendum
Congress has attempted to deal with the issue of taxing citizens fairly by enacting a
graduated income tax
A main purpose of President Theodore Roosevelt's trustbusting policies was to
encourage competition in business
Since 1913, the United States banking system, interest rates, and the amount of money in circulation have largely been controlled by the
Federal Reserve System
During which period in United States history were the amendments concerning the income tax, direct election of Senators. Prohibition, and women's suffrage enacted?
Progressive Era
Theodore Roosevelt, Woodrow Wilson, and Robert M. LaFollette are all considered progressives because they
worked to limit the power of big business
A progressive income tax is based on the idea that
taxpayers with larger incomes should be taxed at a higher rate
Speaker A: "The business of America is business, and we would be wise to remember that."
Speaker B:"Government ownership of business is superior to private enterprise."
Speaker C:"Strict government regulation of business practices is a means to insure the
Speaker C
In the early 20th century, muckrakers were able to influence American society mainly through their
publication of articles and books
The initiative, referendum, recall, and direct primary are all intended to
increase participation in government by citizens
Which event of the early 1900's is evidence that Upton Sinclair's novel The Jungle had an important impact on the United States?
passage of legislation requiring Federal inspection of meat
A major purpose of the Federal Reserve System is to
regulate interest rates and the money supply
Federal Reseve Act
law that set up a system of federal banks and gave government the power to control the money supply
A major goal of reformers during the Progressive Era was to
correct the abuses of big business
The main purpose of a progressive income tax is to
base tax rates on a person
A belief shared by Presidents Theodore Roosevelt, William Taft, and Woodrow Wilson is that the Federal Government should
use its power to regulate unfair business practices
Sixteenth Amendment
Granted Congress the power to tax income.
A major function of the Federal Reserve System is to
manage the supply of currency and bank credit
The actions of Jane Addams, Ida Tarbell, and Booker T. Washington illustrate that reform in the United States has
utilized a variety of methods to achieve many goals
Both the Sherman Antitrust Act and the Clayton Antitrust Act were passed in response to the problem of
business combinations limiting competition
The Sherman Antitrust Act and the Clayton Antitrust Act were passed in an effort to
maintain competition in business
One idea that both Booker T. Washington and W. E. B. Du Bois supported is that
African Americans should have increased civil rights
The initiative, referendum, and recall election were supported by the Progressives as ways to
increase citizen participation in the political process
Jacob Riis, in How the Other Half Lives, and Lincoln Steffens, in The Shame of the Cities, contributed to reform movements in the United States by
exposing poverty and corruption
Lincoln Steffens and Jane Addams are best known for
attempting to ease the problems of the urban poor
The Federal Reserve System attempts to manage the United States economy by
regulating interest rates
What was a significant impact of the Progressive movement on American life?
increased government regulation of business
Jane Addams Opens Hull House"
"Jacob Riis Photographs Tenement Residents"
"Ida Tarbell Exposes Standard Oil Company"
These headlines represent efforts by individuals to
correct abuses of the Industrial Revolution
Which statement best summarizes President Theodore Roosevelt's views about conservation?
Wilderness areas and their resources should be protected for the public good
What President Theodore Roosevelt's attempt ?
limit the power of monopolies
Reformers of the Progressive Era sought to reduce corruption in government by adopting a constitutional amendment that provided for
direct election of United States senators
Which law was passed as a result of muckraking literature?
Meat Inspection Act
In How the Other Half Lives, Jacob Riis described the living conditions of
workers in urban slums
Muckrakers contributed to the rise of Progressivism in the early years of the 20th century by
exposing widespread corruption in business and government
Passage of the Pure Food and Drug Act and the Meat Inspection Act illustrated the federal government's commitment to
consumer protection
Which president was known as a trustbuster?
Theodore Roosevelt
The common purpose of these legislative acts was to
promote the general welfare of the American public
During the Progressive Era, Jane Addams responded to urban conditions by working to establish
settlement houses that provided assistance to the poor
The Federal Reserve System has an impact on economic conditions in the United States by
regulating the amount of money in circulation
Jane Addams and Jacob Riis were most notable for their efforts to
aid the urban poor
The Federal Reserve System was created to
manage the nation's supply of currency and interest rates
During the Progressive Era, muckrakers published articles and novels primarily to
make Americans aware of problems in society
Supporters of a graduated national income tax argued that it was the fairest type of tax because the
rate of taxation increased as incomes rose
A goal of the Progressive movement was to
correct the problems caused by industrialization
Which idea led to the creation of the Interstate Commerce Commission, the Federal Trade Commission, and the Food and Drug Administration?
Business activity must sometimes be regulated in the public interest
During the 20th century, federal prosecutions of corporations such as Standard Oil, AT&T, and Microsoft were based on alleged violations of
antitrust laws
In 1906, the publication of The Jungle, written by Upton Sinclair, led Congress to
establish a system for meat inspection
Progressive Era reforms such as the initiative, referendum, and recall attempted to
increase the power of citizens in state and local government
Progressive Era authors such as Jacob Riis and Upton Sinclair are best known for
focusing attention on social conditions
Which type of federal tax was authorized by the 16th amendment in 1913?
income
What is two concerns that shape politics?
the power of the rich and corruption
Spoil System
the practice of rewarding political supporters with government jobs
What did patronage lead to?
corruption
What ended the spoil system?
the assassination of President Garfield
What created the Civil Service Commission?
Pendleton Act
How was the Interstate Commerce Commission doing in the beginning?
weak but later on Congress made laws that made it more effective
Who were against the Sherman Antitrust Act?
labor unions and monopolies
What are two laws that tried to limit the power of big business?
Interstate Commerce Act and Sherman Antitrust Act
During the early 1900s, the enactment of strong Federal legislation to regulate business demonstrated a growing belief that
the government has a duty to maintain economic competition
The primary stimulus to social and economic reforms during the Progressive Era came from
authors and social activists
At the turn of the twentieth century, why did most immigrants to the United States settle in cities?
Jobs were readily available
The Progressive movement was mainly a response to the
industrialization and urbanization of the United States
Which action was necessary to change from the indirect to the direct election of United States Senators?
ratification of a constitutional amendment
The history of the Populist and Progressive movements illustrates the
ability of organized groups to influence government policy
The Federal Reserve System directly influences the United States economy by causing changes in
the supply of money and credit
In the early twentieth century, muckrakers were able to influence American society mainly through their
publication of articles and books
The Progressive movement was most concerned with
helping the nation adapt to the social and economic changes resulting from industrialization
In the United States, many of the reform movements of the early 1900s were primarily the result of
industrialization and the growth of cities
The impact of works by such authors as Harriet Beecher Stowe, Upton Sinclair, and Ralph Nader suggests that
aroused citizens can persuade the government to take action
During the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the passage of antitrust legislation and the establishment of the Federal Trade Commission reflected the United States desire to
eliminate unfair practices in business
Progressivism could best be characterized as a movement that
demanded reform at all levels of government
In the United States during the early part of the twentieth century, reform writers helped to bring about passage of federal legislation designed to
protect the consumer
Meat Inspection Act of 1906
was federal law that required inspections of meatpacking plants
Direct primary
allows voters to choose their party's candidate for an elected office
Lincoln Steffens
exposed corrupt city governments in his book, The Shame of the Cities
Jacob Riis
was a photographer who exposed the problems of the poor and city slums.
Theodore Roosevelt
a progressive president who was known as "trustbuster" for breaking up some trusts. He supported the Meat Inspection and Pure Food and Drug Acts. He helped settle a coal miners' strike by supporting labor over management and through this created the "Squa
Federal Reserve Act
he act that created a national banking system that regulated the economy and the nation's banks
Just after taking office, President Roosevelt intervened in the
coal strike of 1902
How did muckrakers prepare the way for political reforms?
they exposed corruption by writing about it
Seventh Amendment
allowed for direct election of U.S senators
Theodore Roosevelt created the U.S Forest Service and the National Park Service because
he recognized that natural resources were limited and believed ant that their use needs to be controlled
Bull Moose Party
nickname for the third party
Settlement Houses
help immigrants and the poor receive basic health and educational needs.
New Deal
the nickname given for Teddy Roosevelt's progressive plan for the American people after he became President
Theodore Roosevelt's Square Deal domestic agenda called for
Protecting consumers from harmful trusts,Helping organized labor, and Conserving natural resources
The Sherman Anti-Trust Act was most often used to prosecute
Labor unions
Many middle-class Americans disliked labor unions in the late nineteenth century because
They falsely associated organized labor with socialists, they saw union members as ungrateful employees, and they saw strikers as violent anarchists
Upton Sinclair's novel The Jungle prompted Congress to pass the
Meat Inspection and Pure Food and Drug acts
Why was the Sherman Anti-Trust act significant?
It was the first piece of federal anti-trust legislation
What act of Congress was prompted by the Supreme Court's ruling in the 1886 Wabash case?
Interstate Commerce Act
What caused many of the problems in American society that Progressive Era reformers tried to improve?
industrialization
What were some of the goals of reformers in the Progressive era?
to get rid of unfair business monopolies, improve living conditions in cities, and improve working conditions in factories
Most urban working people opposed the actions of the progressives against the party machines because?
the machines were a source of jobs and services
What did the income tax amendment do?
recovered revenue lost by reducing the tariff
What statement best summarizes Theodore Roosevelt's position on trusts?
good trusts should be tolerated while bad trusts are prevented from manipulating markets.
What is the most important effect of the Progressive Era reforms of initiative, referendum and recall?
made government more responsive to voters
The 1st large scale attempt by the federal government to regulate business in the interest of society concerned regulating railroads was the
Interstate Commerce Act
What led to better enforcement of the Sherman Antitrust Act?
Congressional legislation affecting individual businesses
Which person worked to reform social conditions in cities in the late 1800s?
Jane Addams
Muckrakers in the Progressive Era wrote novels and essays that did what?
expressed problems of urban society
What president increased the federal government's role in conservation of wilderness and natural resources?
Theodore Roosevelt
Congress has attempted to deal with the issue of taxing citizens fairly by enacting
graduated income tax
Suffrage
the right to vote
In the United States, the main purpose of antitrust legislation is to
increase competition in business.
The Federal Reserve System directly influences the United States economy by causing changes in
the supply of money and credit
Why did the United States follow a policy of unrestricted immigration for Europeans during most of the 1800s?
The American economy needed many unskilled workers
In the early twentieth century in the United States, the enactment of strong Federal legislation to regulate business reflected primarily a growing belief in the
government's right to control certain activities of large corporations
Who marched against child labor?
Mother Jones
What muckraker made the Jungle
Upton Sinclair
What is the name of the muckraker who dedicated her life to the poor?
Jane Addams
What is the year the Progressive Era started?
1898
What tycoon did Ida Tarbell target
John D Rockefeller
What did Theodore call himself?
conservationist
What did they call Theodore Roosevelt?
Goo-Goo
What city was "Jungle" based on
Chicago
What magazine did Ida Tarbell write for?
McClair Magazine
What year was the Pure Food and Drug Act passed?
1906
What tragedy did Roosevelt face?
hos wife and mother did on the same date
What party was Theodore Roosevelt on?
Republican
What disease did Jane Addams have?
tuberculosis
What transformed Jane's life?
visiting the house of poor in London, England
What did Jame Addams name her house?
Hull House
What did Jane Addams work to do for children?
to make child labor laws illegal
What did Jane Addams make better?
public playgrounds, juvenile
What was Jane Addams awarded with?
first women to get Nobel Peace Prize
What field did Theodore enter and why?
politics so he could stop corruption of the wealth politicians
What date did Theodore's wife and mom die?
February 14, 1884
What did Theodore do after his wife and mother die?
he left politics and headed out west to work on a cattle ranch in North Dakota
What did Theodore do after he left North Dakota?
he picked up his life of public service and became ta civil service commission, head of the police department, and secretary of the navy
Goo Goo
someone who wants a good government
What were the attitudes of the party bosses amongst Theodore?
annoying
What did Theodore Roosevelt want to protect the people from?
bad business practices
What was Theodore"s reputation status?
a trustbuster
Who did Theodore sue?
Northern Securities, John D. Rockefeller, and Tobacco
Why did Theodore sue the Northern Securities?
violation of the Sherman Anti Trust Act and not allowing competition
Why did Wall Street plummet?
people where shocked that a President would actually enforce a law that would protect the people
What didn't Roosevelt consider himself?
trustbuster
What did Roosevelt consider himself?
trust regulator
Trust Regulator
help control the business world and ensure that people weren't being hurt
Pennsylvania Coal Mine Strike of 1902
miners went on strike for higher paying jobs and shorter working days
What deal did Roosevelt campaign with?
Square Deal and Interstate Commerce Commission
Why is Roosevelt a paradox
an avid hunter as well as someone who wanted to protect our nations wilderness
What did Roosevelt do to improve our nations landscape?
he wanted to divide up the land so that private companies would still be able to mine
How many acres of land did Teddy preserve?
170,000
What state was Jane Addams born in?
Illinois
Where was the Hull House
in chicago
Why did Jane call her house the Hull House
A Mr. Hull had built it
What did Jane did turn the Hull House into?
a place where middle class and poor residents could learn from one another
What did Ida Tarbell do while most women went to work?
stayed home
What was the group that Ida Tarbell was involved in
Muckrakers
Who was the editor who approached Ida Tarbell?
S.S McClure
Why did McClure approach Ida Tarbell
to write about the Napoleon
What biographical series did Ida Tarbell write?
Abraham Lincoln
What was Ida Tarbell most important work?
The History of The Standard Oil Company
What did New York Times name Ida Tarbell
12th most important women in America
Who were the muckrakers?
Jacob Riis, Ida Tarbell, Lincoln Steffens, and Upton Sinclair
Who were the Progressives?
President Roosevelt, Jane Addams, and Mother Jones
What was the significance of How the Other Half Lives (Jacob Riis)?
Living conditions of the urban poor; focused on tenements. NYC passed building codes to promote safety and health.
What was the significance of History of Standard Oil Company" (Ida Tarbell) ?
Exposed the ruthless tactics of the Standard Oil Company through a series of articles published in McClure's Magazine. In Standard Oil v. U.S. (1911), the company was declared a monopoly and broken up.
What was the significance of The Shame of the Cities (Lincoln Steffens)?
Examined political corruption in cities across the United States. Cities began to use city commissions and city managers.
What is the significance of The Jungle (Upton Sinclair)?
Investigated dangerous working conditions and unsanitary procedures in the meat-packing industry. In 1906 the Meat Inspection Act and Pure Food and Drug Act were passed.