what is the definition of progressivism?
1890's movement; the belief that new ideas and an honest government could bring social justice and solve social ills
what was the role of government in progressivism?
government got bigger roles
what were the goals of the progressives?
to bring reforms that would solve the problems presented by industrialization and urbanization
who were the muckrakers?
a journalist who investigated social problems, scandals, and corruptions by the government and business, and who dramatized in order to achieve reforms
who were some leading muckrakers and what were some of their works?
-lincoln steffens: a writer who wrote "the shame of the cities" and exposed how the Philadelphia government overcharge customers for utilities
-jacob riise: wrote photographed tenements and published " how the other hal lives" to expose the filth the urba
what was the "social gospel" and what were its goals?
by following biblical principles like charity and justice people could create a "heaven on earth
who is jane addams?
the founder of settlement house/ hull houses
what were jane addams settlement houses/ hull houses?
community centers that provided services to the urban poor (nursery schools/child care, english language classes, art programs, and health services)
what was the triangle shirtwaist factory fire and what was its significance?
this factory fire killed 146 workers and brought attention to workers safety which eventually led to the passing of workers safety laws and workers compensation funds
what were direct primaries?
rather than party leaders picking candidates, the people themselves vote for their candidates
what is the definition of initiative?
gave people the power to sign petitions in order to get potential laws on the ballot
what is the definition of referendum?
allows citizens to approve or reject laws passed by the legislature
what is the definition of recall?
gave voters the power to remove their public officials in office
who were women associated with the suffrage movement and what did they do?
carrie chapman catt- formed the national american woman suffrage association which lobbied congress to grant suffrage
alice paul- used public marches in front of the white house, hunger strikes, and civil disobedience
what was the significance of the 19th amendment?
it gave women the right to vote
who was Booker T. Washington and what were his methods?
he believed racial equality would come by winning whites respect through hard work and patience
who was Ida B. Wells and what were her methods?
african american teacher who formed the national association of colored women, fought to educate black women and their children and provide child care services
who was WEB DuBois and what were their methods?
formed the niagra movement which believed that education would achieve full rights guaranteed by the constitution
what was the goal of roosevelt's spare deal?
his three major goals: conservation of natural resources, control of corporations, and consumer protection.
what was roosevelt's hepburn act?
United States federal law that gave the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) the power to set maximum railroad rates and extended its jurisdiction.
what was the Pure Food and Drug Act?
halted the sale of contaminated food and medicines and called for truthful labeling of products
what was the meat inspection act?
dictated strict cleanliness requirements for meat packers and created federal meat inspections
what did roosevelt do to protect the environment?
-Roosevelt used his authority to protect wildlife and public lands by creating the United States Forest Service (USFS) and establishing 150 national forests
-Roosevelt was the first president to create a Federal Bird Reserve, and he would establish 51 of
who were the three progressive presidents?
roosevelt, taft, wilson
what was the goal of wilson's new freedom plan?
his goal was to support small farmers and small businessmen by Reforming Tariffs, Reforming the Banks, taking Antitrust actions and breaking up monopolies.
what was the 16th amendment?
income tax
what was the federal reserve act?
the Federal Reserve Act set up a system of federal banks and gave the government power over the money supply.
what was the federal trade commission?
a government agency established in 1914 to prevent unfair business practices and help maintain a competitive economy.
what is imperialism?
extending a country's power and influence through military force and diplomacy
what are the 3 causes of imperialism?
-economics- desire to accumulate wealth-military might- america expands its navy-nationalism and superiority- believed in racial, cultural and national superiority
what is social darwinism?
it states that life is a competitive struggle where only the fittest survive, some races or cultures are more inferior than others and those are destined to be ruled over
how was social darwinism used to justify imperialism?
social darwinism is used to justify that some races are superior to others as imperialism saidit also justifies america expanding their navy because it shows that some people are destined to be ruled over
how did the US purchase alaska?
secretary of state William Seward purchases alaska from the russians for 7.2 million
what did the US find in alaska?
they were rich in resources: oil, minerals, and timberit significantly increased americas sizeexpanded americas reach across the Pacific
how did the US annex hawaii?
the US had established churches, schools, and sugar plantations in Hawaii
Commodore Perry had established a naval base with the Hawaiians
a new queen came and started to limit the power of the American sugar plantation owners to the overthrow her with the
what is yellow journalism?
journalism that is based upon sensationalism and crude exaggeration.
how did yellow journalism contribute to the Spanish-American War?
they exaggerated and blamed events on those we were fighting against to rile up the country which led to tensions and the war finally was official
what was the teller amendment?
it stated that the United States claimed no "sovereignty, jurisdiction, or control" over Cuba.
who were the rough riders?
a volunteer cavalry unit in the Spanish-American War.
who led the rough riders?
teddy roosevelt
what impact did the rough riders have on the war?
they stormed up the San Juan hill in cuba to secure a high ground surrounding Santiago which led to the Spanish's surrender and defeat which ended the war
what did america walk away with from the treaty of paris?
spain gave up control of cuba, puerto rico, and Guam and sold the philippines to the US
what was the treaty of paris?
ended the French & Indian War, and gave England control of most of North America.
what were the goals behind the Philippines insurrection?
filipinos were infuriated after the US announced that they would be keeping possession of the Philippines. they did not want to be controlled any longer by the US
what was the outcome of the philippines insurrection?
the US gathered many filipinos into concentration camps for the duration of the way in spring of 1901 the US captured Aguinaldo which caused the end
what was the boxer rebellion?
a group that roamed china and killed christian missionaries, foreign diplomats, and merchants
what was the outcome of the boxer rebellion?
an international coalition of americans and europeans send thousands of troops to china to end the rebellion; after the rebellion is over america reasserts the open door policy
what is the open door policy?
prohibits colonies in China and promoted free trade with china
how did the open door policy benefit the US?
this opened up trade with china for free
what was japans reactions to segregation of asian- americans in americas schools?
they were humiliated and infuriated with how the US treated their people
what was the gentlemens agreement?
san francisco would end its segregation policy in exchange that the japanese will limit their immigration to the US
what was the great white fleet?
a fleet of US navy ships that would cruise around the world and show their military presence
what was Roosevelt's big stick diplomacy?
it said a strong military is needed to achieve goals
what was the platt amendment?
It allowed the United States to intervene in Cuba and gave the United States control of the naval base at Guantanamo Bay.
what was the significance of the panama canal?
It links the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans
what is tafts dollar diplomacy?
investing in or giving loans to a country with the expectation of loyalty and or influence hoped to increase democracy around the world
what was Wilsons moral diplomacy and what were its goals?
support countries that share our same belief and idealshoped to increase democracy around the world
what were the causes of WW1?
Militarism- countries were comparing their militaries which caused tensions Alliances- secrets were being told through secret alliances Nationalism- extreme nationalism caused tensions
Imperialism Assassination of the Archduke
why did the US enter the war?
the british announced a blockade on all ships traveling to German ports
trade was being cut off
a german submarine sunk the lusitania which had Americans on it
there was unrestricted submarine warefare
the Zimmerman telegram- the British intercepted a tel
what was the War Industries Board?
regulated and rationed goods. they encouraged americans to conserve
what was the role of women in WW1?
women moved into the work force, they filled jobs that men had done in factories
what was the espionage act?
banned spying, interfering with the draft, or writing "false statements" about the war
what was the sedation act?
unlawful to use disloyal or abusive language- limited the first amendment
what was the significance of schneck v. united states?
this passed the espionage and sedation acts
what was the goal of wilson's fourteen points?
he wanted peace or the idea of peace without victory, peace based on freedom not greed or violence
what were the major themes in wilsons 14 points?
diplomacy, independence, freedom, end of imperialism, and free trade practices
what is the definition of self- determination?
the right to choose your own form of government
what is the meaning of "peace without victory"?
peace based of freedom not greed or vengeance
what was the league of nations and what were their goals?
a global body including delegates from big or small countries who helped each other solve problems and guarantee independence
what was the US reactions to the league of nations?
there were the irreconcilables who did not want to joint the league of nations and mated the US to remain neutral
the other group was called the reservationists who wanted to change the treaty of versailles
why did the US decide not to join the league of nations?
they did not join because wilson and the democrats and the irreconcilables defeated the treaty
what are the 4 parts of the treaty of versailles?
high war reparations to be paid for allied powers, germany surrenders territories/ colonies, war guilt clause- germany agrees they are at fault, the league of nations
what was germanys reaction to the treaty of versailles?
they are angered by this
what are the characteristics of Hardings Presidency?
ran on a campaign called a "return to normalcy" meaning a break from the reforms of the progressive era and a return to conservative politics and capitalism friendly legislationreduced government spendingnew protective tariffsreduced government regulation
what are the characteristics of Coolidge's Presidency?
replaced harding after Harding suffered a heart attack
believed the creation of wealth and big business benefited everyone
the chief business of the American people is business reduced the national debt cut the federal budgetlowered taxes
offered incentiv
what problem did the Dawes plan attempt to fix?
Britain and France owe the US money for their aid in WW1, however Britain and France are paying the US with money given to them by Germany as war reparations. Germany is having a difficult time paying Britain and France
what did the Dawes Plan do?
the US gave loans to Germany, who could then pay Britain and France, allowing Britain and France to repay the united states
what was the "bull market"?
it was a period of rising stock prices
what was "buying on margin"?
a system of buying stocks in which a buyer pays a small percentage of the purchase price while the broker advances the rest
what was the "consumer revolution"?
a flood of new, affordable goods in the decades after WW1
what was "installment buying"?
a method of purchasing in which the buyer makes a small down payment and then pays off the rest of the debt in regular monthly payments
what did Henry Ford do?
created the assembly line system and introduced Americas first affordable car, the Model T
what was the affect of the assembly line system?
instead of it taking 12 hours to make a car, it only now took 90 minutes
what were the effects of widespread car ownership?
cars allowed people to travel like never before
american's feel a new sense of freedom and prosperity vacations, day trips, being able to visit family, and Sunday drives are now common
allows people to move farther away from factories and into suburbs
sub
what is modernism?
a movement to emphasize science and secular views over religious beliefs
what is fundamentalism?
a movement or attitude stressing strict and literal adherence to a set of basic principles of christianity
what are the differences between fundamentalism and modernism?
fundamentalism is about christianity and modernism rejects christianity
what was the Scopes trial ?
the Scopes trail was a trail to try and use science to cast doubt on biblical truth and thus discredit fundamentalism
what was the significance of the Scopes trial?
the significance was it started a heated debate over whether modern scientific theories should be taught in schools: it increased debate over creationism vs. evolutionary theories
how was education in real environments?
children are still vital workers/ helpers on the farm and were expected to keep those family obligations above their schoolwork
emphasized learning the seasons
knowledge of tools/crops/livestock was more important than "book studies
what was education like in urban areas?
children went to school for longer periods of time and learned a wider variety of subjects
parents believed that education was key to social mobility- moving from the working class to the middle class
children were expected to attend primary school (eleme
what was the emergency quota act?
restricted the number of immigrants admitted from any country each year to 3% of the number of residents from that same country living in the US
what was the national origins act?
the number of people allowed to immigrate from an origin country each year could not exceed 2% of the population of that group already living in the US
what was the Harlem Renaissance?
rebirth and explosion of African American culture from 1919-1929
what were the major themes of the Harlem Renaissance?
experience of slavery
african american folk traditions
black identity
the affects on racism
who was Langston Hughes?
most influential and powerful literary voice; he celebrated African American culture in his writings
who was Duke Ellington?
a famous jazz artist
who was Louis Armstrong?
another famous jazz artist
who was Zora Neale Hurston?
expressed a desire for independence help specifically by African American women; "their eyes were watching God
what was the resurgence of the KKK and what was their new mission?
as the country becomes more urban, real americans become anxious and embittered toward the new changes taking placepeople begin to lash out at symbols of change- one being African Americans
a group in Georgia revives called the KKK with a new goal: target
what was the importance of the radio?
americans could listen to news, sports and sermonsthings were able to be broadcasted nationally which mean all nations were listening to the same thingsamericans have more access to politics and standardized news music eventually begins to be played
what was the importance of Hollywood?
it was the center of the movie industry; movie theaters became the center of American culture
what kind of movies did people go to watch during the 1920s?
silent films; in 1927 the first "talkie" came out which was called "the Jazz Singer
how did sports culture change after the radio?
the radio allowed more americans to participate in sporting events and creates national markets for sports teamsbaseball became known as "americas past time
who was Charles Lindbergh?
he was the first pilot to fly solo for 33 hours straight across the atlantic
who were the flappers?
women were confident after gaining their suffrage
"new women" craved more equality with menchallenged traditional female cultural boundaries; straight/curveless dresses, shorts dresses with fringe, dramatic makeup, short hair, smoke, drink, and participat
why did american's ratify the 18th amendment?
men would leave work to go to the saloons, become drunk, then neglect their families man would become violent against their families
what was the 18th amendment?
a ban on the sale, manufacture, and transportation of alcohol
what were some problems with the 18th amendment?
it was very difficult to enforce bootlegging-illegal sale and manufacture of alcohol speakeasies- nightclubs or stores that sold illegal alcoholpeople would make their own called "moonshine' or "bathtub gin" which was not healthy
who was Al Capone?
He was a 1925 gangster and illegal liquor distributor during prohibition.
what was the St. Valentines Day massacre?
one of the bloodiest days in mob history
a clash between Irish mafia and Italian mafia
what were the causes of the Great Depression?
uneven wealth distribution
agricultural overproduction
easy credit
stock market crash
describe the stock market crash.
in 1929 some investors begin to realize that the price of stocks were not real- they are based on people buying on margin and therefore the system in running on credit
people begin to invest with the hope of profit or gain but with the risk of loss
invest
what is the banking collapse?
as people lose money at the stock market they become afraid and pull their money out of the banksbanks only had limited money in their vaults, not enough for all their depositors
in the mid 1920s the federal reserve limited the money supply because they w
how was american life during the great depression?
thousands of people lost their jobs every day
people ate less food to conserve food
soup kitchens opened up
people sold and pawned their possessions
people became homeless
clothes become torn and tattered
what were Hoovervilles?
homeless camps that were developed and hosted many families ; shantytowns of tens and shacks on vacant lots
what was the dust bowl?
Drought conditions with strong winds that blew dirt everywhere
how was family life effected during the great depression?
brought some families closer together
unemployment had a huge effect on men- they were not able to provide for their families, they become depressed, they abandon their families out of shame
stress of poverty leads to fighting among spouses
decline in div
what were Hoovers laissez faire economics?
the natural fluctuations of capitalism which he allows to occur
what was Hoovers "volunteer policy"?
asked businesses to keep employment, wages, and prices at the current levels
asked government to reduce taxes, lower interest rates on loans, and create public-works programs
asked the wealthy to give more money to charity and help the poor
he wanted to p
what was Hoovers trickle down economics?
money given at the top trickle down to the base of the economic pyramid did not work
what were the goals of the new deal?
relief
recovery
reform
what was the new deal?
A collection of reforms intended to restart economic growth in the Depression-era United States and reverse the rising of unemployment
what were the first 100 days?
During FDR's first 100 days, Congress passed 15 of FDR's New Deal programs which gave:relief tho americans who were economically strugglingaimed at achieving long term economic recovery reformed institutions which included banks in order to prevent anothe
what were the differences between the first and second new deal?
the first new deal was a series of federal program , public works projects, and financial reforms and regulations in response to the great depression while the second new deal focused more on the general welfare of Americans
what was the TVA?
Tennessee Valley Authority; was the most popular New Deal program in Georgia; it built dams along the Tennessee River and created lakes in Georgia
what was the WPA?
the works progress administration, it employed workers to build buildings, airports, bridges, and parks
what was the social security act?
set up a system of pensions for the elderly, unemployed, and people with disabilities
what was "court packing"?
the action FDR was trying to undertake by having the supreme court expanded to 15 justices. filled court with supporters in order to get laws he wants passed.
who was benito mussolini?
he was the dictator of italy
believed in fascism
who was adolf hitler?
was the leader of the nazi party in germany
believed in fascism
who was joseph stalin?
leader of the Soviet Union
believed in fascism
what was the militarization of Japan?
they were imperializing China
what was ht European policy of appeasement?
it granted concessions to a potential enemy in the hopes of maintaining peace
what was the Munich pact?
an agreement that said Hitler could have the Sudetenland and Austria if he promised to ask for nothing else
what was the Neutrality act of 1939?
declared americas neutrality but included a "cash and carry" system which means countries at war can purchase american munitions and goods if they paid cash and carried them away on their own ships
why did the US decide to stay neutral?
they did not want to enter into another European conflict because they just got out of WW1 and they are in the middle of a depression
what was the lend-lease act?
allows roosevelt to sell, exchange, lease, and lend an article of defense as he saw fit
what happed at the invasion of Poland?
hitler launched a blitzkrieg attack
he attacked poland on 3 sides with speed and multiple military strategies
tanks, planes, infantry
this was considered the start of WW2
what is the definition of blitzkrieg?
lightening war"- sudden or dramatic attack
what happed at Pearl Harbor?
the goal was to eradicate the american fleet in the pacific through a surprise attack
japan launches a surprise attack on american naval ships docked in the harbor
attacked in two waves by over 300 japanese bombers
only lasted about an hour and a half
con
what is the definition of island hopping?
hopping through" and capturing japanese held islands making a path to the japanese mainland
what was the goal of island hopping?
U.S. strategy to move closer to Japan island by island so as to bomb Japan
what was the significance of the battle of midway?
it was a victory for the US
this battle puts the japanese on the defensive side for the remainder of the war and the last time they threatened dominance over the pacific ocean
what were the women's role in WW2?
during WW2, women had to move into blue-collar heavy industry
women had to work in factories
some found roles in the military
some women grew "victory gardens" which were private gardens for food consumption to take pressure off of national food supplies
what was Executive Order 9066?
tt was the executive order issued by president Roosevelt authorizing the relocation and internment of Japanese-Americans.
what was D-Day?
the invasion of France to liberate Europe from Germany
what were the goals of the manhattan project?
the goal was to beat nazi-germany from creating new technology that could outdo what we had; create the first atomic bomb
what was the manhattan project?
scientists learn how to split the nuclei of certain elements, learn that nuclear fission produces extraordinary amounts of energy, discover more about the construction of atoms, and more about the military uses or uranium which then created the first atom
who was the lead general and scientist for the manhattan project?
general leslie groves
physicist robert Oppenheimer
why did truman decide to drop the atomic bomb?
japan would not surrender, to show how powerful we are through technology, and to save american lives.
what was the effects of the atomic bomb?
within 2 minutes over 60000 were dead and another 35000 were dead as well
4 spare miles of the city are instantly flattened
japanese surrender
what was the Yalta Conference?
1945 strategy meeting between Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin to discuss plans for the end of World War II and the future of the world.
what was the Postdam Conference?
tt was the final wartime conference in Germany. In attendance were the US, Russia and England.
what presidents were in office during WW2?
Franklin Roosevelt and Harry S. Truman.
who were the united nations?
the United Nations is an international organization founded in 1945 after the Second World War by 51 countries committed to maintaining international peace and security, developing friendly relations among nations and promoting social progress, better liv