1. What impacts did Columbus's voyages have on the Native Americans?
Columbus's voyages caused native americans to get pushed iut of their land and catch diseases like small pox
2. What impacts did Columbus's voyages have on the Europeans?
helped the Europeans by giving them new places to live and religious freedom
3. What is a cash crop?
a crop grown primarily to make money
4. How did the triangular trade work?
a trade system between europe, africa, and america
5. How did the northern and southern colonies differ?
northern colonies- had small towns whose economy relied on fishing and lumber southern colonies- had a plantation system, distinct social classes, use of slave labor, and their economy relied on tobacco, rice, and indigo
6. What is the French and Indian War about? Who fought in it?
War between France and Britain to see who should gain North American territory
7. Why did the British pass the Intolerable Acts? How did the colonists respond to the Intolerable Acts?
Britain's way of punishing the colonists for the Boston Tea Party. Colonists responded by creating the first continental congress
8. What did the Townshend Acts do?
Put taxes on imported goods(such as glass, lead, paper, paint, and tea)
9. What were the Sons of Liberty? Why were they formed? Who formed them?
A secret revolutionary organization to advance the rights of the colonists due to the over taxation of imported goods. Founded Samuel Adams and John Hancock
10. What were the terms of the Treaty of Paris?
Britain claims land east of the mississippi river; Spain claims French land west of the mississippi river
11. Why are the battles of Lexington & Concord significant?
First battles of the revolutionary war
12. What role did France play in the American Revolution?
France provided naval support and helped trap the british at yorktown
13. What happened to the Continental Army at Valley Forge?
Many soldiers died from the cold, starvation, or smallpox
14. What is Common Sense about? Why is it important? Who wrote it?
Pamphlet by Thomas Paine that argued that the King was a tyrant and urged colonists to declare independence
15. According to the Articles of Confederation, how were states to be represented in Congress?
Every state got one vote in congress
16. What did the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 do?
Created the Northwest territory and made an application process for statehood
17. What was the Great Compromise?
Offered a two house congress, said size of each state's population would determine the number of representatives in the house. Each state would have an equal number of representatives in the Senate.
18. What was the Three-Fifths Compromise?
stated that 3/5 of a state's slaves will be counted in the population
19. What does the checks and balances system do?
It prevented one branch from over powering the other
20. What did Federalists believe in? Anti-Federalists?
Federalists wanted power to be divided between a central government and a state government. Anti-federalists wanted states to have more power than a central government
21. What is the First Amendment of the Bill of Rights?
freedom of speech and religion
22. What happened at the Whiskey Rebellion? Why did it happen?
an uprising of farmers in pennsylvania provoked by a tax on whiskey. Washington called out the militia, and the rebellion collapsed
23. How did Jefferson and Hamilton differ?
Jefferson favored a strong state gov., commerce based off of farmer-citizens, and supported the French Revolution. Alexander Hamilton favored a strong central gov., commerce based off of industry, and neutrality in foreign affairs.
24. Why did Washington, D.C. become the capital of the United States?
Hamilton proposed to move the capital from NYC to D.C. in order to increase the political power of the south to balance the north's growing economic power
25. What was the case of Marbury v. Madison about? Why is it important?
The Supreme court declared an act of congress unconstitutional which is judicial review
26. What did the Alien and Sedition Acts do? Why were they controversial?
restricted the activities of foreign residents in the country and limited freedom of speech and of the press.
27. What is the Judiciary Act of 1789?
created a judicial system
28. Who was president during the Louisiana Purchase?
Thomas Jefferson
29. Where did we purchase the land from in the Louisiana Purchase?
France
30. How much did we buy the Louisiana Purchase for?
15 million
31. Who were we fighting in the War of 1812?
Great Britain
32. Why were we fighting the War of 1812?
Britain refused to stop seizing American ships that traded with France. Also seized american sailors ( these seizures were called impressments)
33. Which president began the practice of replacing high-ranking members of the executive branch when a new president takes office?
Andrew Jackson
34. What does the Era of Good Feelings refer to?
the period of Jamers Monroe's presidency
35. Who is Nat Turner? What is he famous for? How did he impact legislation and customs in the South?
a slave famous for leading a slave rebellion in Virginia, causing the southerners to treat him worse
36. What happened in the election of 1824? Who ended up winning?
Andrew Jackson won the popular vote but John Quincy Adams won the electoral vote.
37. How did the Industrial Revolution impact production in the United States?
Dramatically increased production and dropped prices for manufactured goods
38. What was the cotton gin? Who invented it? How did it impact slavery?
A machine created by Eli Whitney that increased the production of cotton and caused the demand for slaves to rise.
39. What did the Monroe Doctrine do?
stated the US was no longer a land that could be colonized by European powers
40. What did the Missouri Compromise do?
it preserved the balance of free vs slave states. Missouri was admitted as a slave state and maine as a free state.
41. What happened in the election of 1828? Who ended up winning?
Andrew Jackson vs John Quincy Adams. Jackson becomes president
42. What did the Adams-On�s Treaty do?
signed over florida to the us
43. What was the Indian Removal Act?
forced relocation of native americans
44. What was the Trail of Tears? What was the background behind the Trail of Tears? Which tribe was most affected?
the trail the native americans took when being relocated to Oklahoma. Many died from starvation, disease, and exhaustion. Cherokee were most affected.
45. What is the abolition movement?
abolish slavery
46. What was the temperance movement?
against the consumption of alcohol
47. What was the Gadsden Purchase?
establishes the border of the lower 48 states
48. What were the terms of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo?
Mexico agrees to border of Texas at Rio Grande, US acquires New Mexico and California
49. What is manifest destiny?
belief that Americans should settle westward.
50. What did the Republican Party believe in?
Slavery should be kept out of the new territories acquired by the US.
51. What was "Uncle Tom's Cabin"? Who wrote it?
Book by Harriet Beecher Stowe about how bad slavery really is
52. What did Abraham Lincoln and Stephen Douglas debate about during the senatorial election of 1858?
slavery
53. Explain the case of Dred Scott vs. Sandford. What was the final decision?
Scott sues for his freedom. Decided that slaves did not have the rights of citizens and that the missouri compromise is unconstitutional.
54. What were the terms of the Compromise of 1850? Who proposed it? Why was it proposed?
short lived end to slavery conflict. california was admitted as a free state, more effective fugitive slave law was passed, and residents of Utah and new mexico were allowed to vote for or against slavery. proposed by henry clay and Daniel webster
55. What was the Fugitive Slave Act? How did Northerners resist it?
fugitive slaves were not entitled to trial by jury, could not testify on their own behalf, and were required to be returned to the slave owner. northerners refused to enforce it.
56. What was the Kansas-Nebraska Act? What impact did it have on Kansas?
repealed the Missouri compromise and divided territory west of iowa and Minnesota into two separate parts. Kansas to the south, Nebraska to the north, and both states have right to popular sovereignty. leads to violence in Kansas.
57. Who was John Brown? What did he believe in? What actions did he take in Pottawatomie? What actions did he take at Harper's Ferry? How did he impact the country?
American abolishionist who believed that god called on him to fight slavery. brown and his followers massacre proslavery advocates in pottawatomie. He leads a band of followers into harpers ferry but is captured and hanged. caused northern admiration and
58. Compare and contrast the advantages of the North and South at the beginning of the Civil War.
north- had bigger population, better transportation south- strong military tradition, farms, fighting on home soil
59. What was the significance of Richmond, Virginia throughout the Civil War?
confederate capital
60. What was the Anaconda Plan?
blockade the coast, control the Mississippi river, and divide the south
61. What was the Gettysburg Address? What types of beliefs did it express?
Lincolns speech after the battle of Gettysburg to give hope and keep the union together
62. What did the Emancipation Proclamation do? What impact did it have on the war? 1864?
ended slavery; changed the meaning of the war to freeing slaves instead of preserving the union
63. What events ensured Abraham Lincoln's reelection in 1864?
The union was winning the war
64. What is total war? How did Generals Grant and Sherman epitomize the concepts total war?
a tactic that destroys everything included civilians.
65. Where did the final surrender of the Civil War take place? Who surrendered? What general ordered the surrender?
Robert E Lee and Ulysses S Grant meet for confederate surrender at Appomattox Court House in VIrginia
66. What does the Thirteenth Amendment do?
abolished slavery
67. Define: Secession
withdrawing from the union
Define: Popular Sovereignty
the authority of a state is determined by the people through their elected representatives
Who was jefferson davis?
president of the confederacy
who was harriet tubman?
former slave who helped other slaves escape slavery through the underground railroad
Where did the Battle of Gettysburg take place? who won? why was it important?
confederate general Robert e lee pushes into Pennsylvania to invade the north. union victory. turning point in the war.
Where did the first battle of bull run take place? who won? why was it important?
First instance of major bloodshed in the civil war. forces clash outside of Washington dc at bull run. confederate victory
Where did the battle of Fort Sumter take place? Who won? Why was it important?
Confederate troops force the union to surrender fort sumter in South carolina. starts the civil war.
69. What was Abraham Lincoln's policy for reconstruction? Why was it considered to be so lenient?
10 percent plan- a confederate state could be readmitted into the union after 10 percent of the population swore allegiance.
70. What was Andrew Johnson's policy for policy for reconstruction? Why did he anger radical republicans?
presidential reconstruction- state could be readmitted if they withdraw secession, swear allegiance, annul confederate war debts, and ratify the 13th amendment.
71. How did radical radical republicans and the president differ in their reconstruction policies?
radical republicans wanted a less lenient plan.
72. What type of people supported Republicans during reconstruction? Democrats?
republican party was made up of mostly African americans and scalawags.
73. What were Black Codes? And what were their purpose?
limited the rights of African americans
74. What did the Reconstruction Act of 1867 do?
States had to accept the 14th amendment. They had to draft new Constitutions. The states were divided into military districts.
75. Which president become president in 1876 through a deal between party leaders?
Rutherford B Hayes
76. What does the Fourteenth Amendment do?
all people born in the us are citizens of the country
77. What does the Fifteenth Amendment do?
no one could be kept from voting because of their race
78. Compare and contrast sharecropping and tenant farming.
share cropping is when landowners divide their land and give each worker a few acres along with seeds and tools. Field workers would give a share of their crap to the landowner for payment.
tenant farming is when workers would rent their land from planter
79. What is the significance of the Compromise of 1877?
Hayes becomes president. Federal troops are withdrawn from Louisiana and South Carolina. A railroad is built from Texas to the West Coast and rivers, harbors, and bridges are improved
80. Define: Scalawags
White southerners who joined the Republican Party
80. Define: Carpetbaggers
northerners who moved to the south after the war
81. What was the purpose of the Dawes Act?
to assimilate native americans into american society and to treat them as individuals rather than members of a tribe
82. What happened at the Battle of Little Bighorn? Why is this event so significant in regard to the Indian Wars?
Custer attacks the native americans but the natives defeat all of the soldiers. worst loss for the us army in the war
83. What did the Homestead Act do?
established a process for people to claim federal lands in the West for a small fee. promoted settling in the west.
84. Why was there an industrial boom in the early 1900's?
abundance of natural resources, increase in population, new inventions
85. What is vertical integration? Horizontal integration?
vertical integration - buying out suppliers
horizontal integration- buying out or merging with competing companies
86. What is collective bargaining? How did it affect the workplace in the late 1800's?
negotiations between employers and employees. progress was made for better working conditions
87. What is nativism? How did it impact the country?
favoritism towards native born Americans
88. What were the terms of the Gentlemen's Agreement?
Japan with limit immigration of unskilled workers to the US if the US agreed to end segregation of Japanese children in schools
89. What did the Chinese Exclusion Act do?
banned entry to all Chinese except students, teachers, merchants, tourist, and government officials
90. What is a political machine? How does it work? Who were the supporters of the political machines?
organized group that controls the activities of a political party in a city. they influence courts, help immigrants, and are often motivated by money
91. What is Americanization movement?
Assimilated people of wide ranging cultures
92. What actions were put in place to keep African Americans in the South from voting?
literacy tests and poll taxes
93. What were Jim Crow laws?
racial segregation laws
94. What was the decision made in Plessy v. Ferguson? How did it impact the nation?
made everything segregated and established the concept separate but equal
95. What is Social Darwinism? How did it apply to the industrial boom?
humans have the ability to make plans to produce the future outcomes that they desire
96. What were the motives behind U.S. imperialism?
American leaders wanted to join imperialist powers of Europe and establish colonies overseas
97. What was the Roosevelt Corollary?
stated that the US would intervene in Latin American affairs when necessary to maintain economic and political stability in the western hemisphere
98. What stimulated American Imperialism?
Global competition, desire for military strength, thirst for new markets, and believe in cultural superiority
99. What was the Open Door Policy?
allowed each foreign nation in China to trade freely in the other nations spheres of influence
100. Which territories did the U.S. gain after the Spanish-American War?
Guam, Puerto Rico, Cuba, in the Philippines
101. What was the progressive movement? What were the goals of the progressive movement?
modernization of the country.
protect social welfare, promote moral improvement, create economic reform, foster efficiency
102. Who were muckrakers?
journalists who exposed the corrupt side of business in public life
103. How did initiative, referendum, and recall reform the election process? What did they each do?
initiative - a bill originated by the people to be placed on the ballot
referendum - a vote on an initiative
recall - voters can remove public officials from office
104. Who wrote "The Jungle"? What was the book about? Why was it so important?
Upton Sinclair. it dictated strict cleanliness requirements for meat packers and lead to the creation of the meat inspection act
105. What did the Meat Inspection Act do? Pure Food and Drug Act?
created a program of federal meat inspection./Halted the sale of contaminated foods and medicines and called for truth in labeling.
106. What was the NAACP? Why was it created? What are its goals?
civil rights organization that wanted to eliminate race based discrimination
107. What is prohibition? What were the goals of prohibitionists?
ban of alcohol
108. Why did Theodore Roosevelt earn his nickname "trustbuster"?
because of his regulatory reforms and antitrust prosecutions
109. What is the conservation movement?
protects natural resources and wildlife