Haymarket Square Riot
100,000 workers rioted in Chicago (1884). After the police fired into the crowd, the workers at McCormick Reaper Factory. met and rallied in _________ to protest police brutality. A bomb exploded (May 4th), killing or injuring many of the police. The Chic
Pullman Strike
in Chicago, cut wages but refused to lower rents in the "company town", Led by Eugene Debs had American Railway Union refuse to use Pullman cars, Debs thrown in jail after being sued, strike achieved nothing. Shut down railroads with Pullman cars for a fe
Henry Bessemer
(1813-1898) An English engineer who created the a process of producing steel, in which impurities are removed by forcing a blast of air through molten iron.
Henry Ford
1863-1947. American businessman, founder of Ford Motor Company, father of modern assembly lines, and inventor credited with 161 patents. Model A (first), Model T (important).
Andrew Carnegie
Scottish. Creates Steel Company. Gets bought out by banker JP Morgan and renamed U.S. Steel. used vertical integration by buying all the steps needed for production. Was a philanthropist. Was one of the "Robber barons" Gambles on Bessemer Process.
J.P. Morgan
Born to Wealth. Financier in Civil War.Banker who buys out Carnegie Steel and renames it to U.S. Steel and Vanderbilt Railroads. Was a philanthropist in a way; he gave all the money needed for WWI and was payed back. Was one of the "Robber barons
John D. Rockefeller
Established the Standard Oil Company, the greatest, wisest, and meanest monopoly known in history. Utilize Horizontal and Vertical integration. Oil Refining Process.
Cornelius Vanderbilt
Small loan from his mother at 12 with shipping. Moves his money toward railroads owner who built a railway connecting Chicago and New York (Grand Central and Erie). College in Tennessee Named after him.
Ida B. Wells
Led AntiLeinching Cursades. First Female for NAACP. African American journalist. published statistics about lynching, urged African Americans to protest by refusing to ride streetcards or shop in white owned stores
Booker T. Washington
Prominent black American, born into slavery (Franklin), who believed that racism would end once blacks acquired useful labor skills and proved their economic value to society, was head of the Tuskegee Institute in 1881. His book "Up from Slavery." Graduat
W.E.B. DuBois
Born Free. Fisk College. First African American to graduate with a PhD from Harvard. Opposed Booker T. Washington. Wanted social and political integration as well as higher education for 10% of African Americans-what he called a "Talented Tenth". Founder
Woodrow Wilson
Virginia. Federal Reserve. President during WWI. 28th president of the United States, known for World War I leadership, created Federal Reserve, Federal Trade Commission, Clayton Antitrust Act, progressive income tax, lower tariffs, women's suffrage (relu
Theodore Roosevelt
1858-1919. 26th President (was vice but the McKinley assassinated). Increased size of Navy, "Great White Fleet". Added Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine. "Big Stick" policy. Received Nobel Peace Prize for mediation of end of Russo-Japanese war. Later
Samuel Gompers
Cigar Baker. led the AFL (American Federation of Labor), a skilled craft union, fought for wages and working conditions, they went on strike, boycotted and used collective bargaining
Eugene V. Debs
Leader of the American Railway Union, he voted to aid workers in the Pullman strike. He was jailed for six months for disobeying a court order after the strike was over. Ran for president 5 times. IWW (wobblies)
John Hay
Was the Secretary of State in 1899 (Spanish American War and opening up trade to China); dispatched the Open Door Notes to keep the countries that had spheres of influence in China from taking over China and closing the doors on trade between China and th
John J. Pershing
Black Jack". led AEF during WWI. this American general led a punitive force into Mexico in pursuit of Pancho Villa after Villa's attack on Columbus, NM in 1916. During WWI, he also led the American Expeditionary Forces.
William Howard Taft
27 th President. (1908-1912), was endorsed by Roosevelt because he pledged to carry on progressive program, then he didn't appoint any Progressives to the Cabinet, actively pursued anti-trust law suits, appoints Richard Ballinger as Secretary of the Inter
Franklin D. Roosevelt
32nd US President - He began New Deal programs to help the nation out of the Great Depression, and he was the nation's leader during most of WWII. After Hoover.
Herbert Hoover
31st President. 1928; Republican; approach to economy known as voluntarism (avoid destroying individuality/self-reliance by government coercion of business); of course, in 1929 the stock market crashed; tried to fix it through creating the Emergency Relie
William McKinley
25th president responsible for Spanish-American War, Philippine-American War, and the Annexation of Hawaii, imperialism. Is assassinated by an anarchist
Warren G. Harding
Pres.1921 laissez-faire, little regard for gov't or presidency. "return to normalcy" after Wilson + his progressive ideals. Office became corrupt: allowed drinking in prohibition, had an affair, surrounded himself w/ cronies (used office for private gain)
Al Capone
A mob king in Chicago who controlled a large network of speakeasies with enormous profits. His illegal activities convey the failure of prohibition in the twenties and the problems with gangs.
Charles Lindbergh
United States aviator who in 1927 made the first solo nonstop flight across the Atlantic Ocean (1902-1974)
William J. Simmons
Founder of the second KKK on Thanksgiving Day 1915
James Buchanan Duke
Southern industrialist behind the American Tobacco Company and Southern Power Company who made great advances in the businesses of tobacco and hydroelectric power.
Interstate Commerce Commission
Former independent agency of the U.S. government, established in 1887; it was charged with regulating the economics and services of specified carriers engaged in transportation between states. Surface transportation under the it's jurisdiction included ra
Pendleton Act (1883)
a federal law established in 1883 that stipulated that government jobs should be awarded on the basis od merit
Zimmerman Note
1917 - Germany sent this to Mexico instructing an ambassador to convince Mexico to go to war with the U.S. It was intercepted and caused the U.S. to mobilized against Germany, which had proven it was hostile
George Washington Carver
African American botanist, agricultural chemist, and educator who developed hundreds of uses for the peanut, soybean, and sweet potato, prompting Southern farmers to produce these soil-enriching cash crops
Grover Cleveland
22nd and 24th president, Democrat, Honest and hardworking, fought corruption, vetoed hundreds of wasteful bills, achieved the Interstate Commerce Commission and civil service reform, violent suppression of strikes
Roosevelt Corollary
1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force, first put into effect in Dominican Republic
Upton Sinclair
muckraker who shocked the nation when he published The Jungle, a novel that revealed gruesome details about the meat packing industry in Chicago. The book was fiction but based on the things Sinclair had seen.
Jane Addams
1860-1935. Founder of Settlement House Movement. First American Woman to earn Nobel Peace Prize in 1931 as president of Women's Intenational League for Peace and Freedom.
17th Amendment
Established the direct election of senators (instead of being chosen by state legislatures)
18th Amendment
Ban on sale, manufacture, and transport of alcoholic beverages. Repealed by 21st amendment
19th Amendment
Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (1920) extended the right to vote to women in federal or state elections.
Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)
(1882) Denied any additional Chinese laborers to enter the country while allowing students and merchants to immigrate. American workers felt threatened by the job competition.
Immigration Restriction Act
America feared the spread of Soviet Communism in the US so immigrant entry to the US was severely limited, such as through the Immigration Act of 1924 that limited the annual number of immigrants who could be admitted from any country to 2% of the number
Jim Crow Laws
Any of the laws legalizing racial segregation of blacks and whites that were enacted in Southern states beginning in the 1880s and enforced through the 1950's
Square Deal
The philosophy of President Theodore Roosevelt; included in this was the desire to treat both sides fairly in any dispute. In the coal miner's strike of 1902 he treated the United Mine Workers representatives and company bosses as equals; this approach co
New Freedom
Democrat Woodrow Wilson's political slogan in the presidential campaign of 1912; Wilson wanted to improve the banking system, lower tariffs, and, by breaking up monopolies, give small businesses freedom to compete.
Sherman Anti-Trust Act
First federal action against monopolies, it was signed into law by Harrison and was extensively used by Theodore Roosevelt for trust-busting. However, it was initially misused against labor unions
Clayton Anti-Trust Act
Anti monopoly law that specifically stated that unions could not be considered "combinations in restraint of trade" and therefore unions could not be prosecuted under anti-monopoly laws.
Open Door Policy
Statement of U.S. foreign policy toward China. Issued by U.S. secretary of state John Hay (1899), the statement reaffirmed the principle that all countries should have equal access to any Chinese port open to trade.
League of Nations
A world organization established in 1920 to promote international cooperation and peace. It was first proposed in 1918 by President Woodrow Wilson, although the United States never joined the League. Essentially powerless, it was officially dissolved in 1
Calvin Coolidge
30th President (1923-1925) and (1925-1929), taciturn; small gov't conservative; laissez faire ideology; in favor of immigration restriction (Immigration Act); reduced the tax burden; the Bonus Bill was passed over his veto; Revenue Act of 1924; Kellogg-Br
John Scopes
An educator in Tennessee who was arrested for teaching evolution. This trial represented the Fundamentalist vs the Modernist. The trial placed a negative image on fundamentalists, and it showed a changing America.
The Great Train Robbery
The first American-made motion picture to tell a story
Fourteen Points
The war aims outlined by President Wilson in 1918, which he believed would promote lasting peace; called for self-determination, freedom of the seas, free trade, end to secret agreements, reduction of arms and a league of nations.
Treaty of Versailles
(WW) 1918, , Created by the leaders victorious allies Nations: France, Britain, US, and signed by Germany to help stop WWI. The treaty 1)stripped Germany of all Army, Navy, Airforce. 2) Germany had to rapair war damages(33 billion) 3) Germany had to ackno
Panama Canal
The United States built the ________ to have a quicker passage to the Pacific from the Atlantic and vice versa. It cost $400,000,000 to build. Colombians would not let Americans build the canal, but then with the assistance of the United States a ________
Dollar Diplomacy
Foreign policy created under President Taft that had the U.S. exchanging financial support ($) for the right to "help" countries make decisions about trade and other commercial ventures. Basically it was exchanging money for political influence in Latin A
Lusitania
A British passenger ship that was sunk by a German U-Boat on May 7, 1915. 128 Americans died. The sinking greatly turned American opinion against the Germans, helping the move towards entering the war.
Ulysses S. Grant
an American general and the eighteenth President of the United States (1869-1877). He achieved international fame as the leading Union general in the American Civil War.
Plessy v. Ferguson
a 1896 Supreme Court decision which legalized state ordered segregation so long as the facilities for blacks and whites were equal
Company Towns
What did large companies such as lumber or coal companies establish when they had a large work force?
Alfred Thayer Mahan
Navy officer whose ideas on naval warfare and the importance of sea-power changed how America viewed its navy; wrote "The influence of Sea Power upon History
Leon Czolgosz
Killed president McKinley in 1901. He was an anarchist, one who believes in the absence of government.
Yellow Journalism
Journalism that exploits, distorts, or exaggerates the news to create sensations and attract readers
Muckrakers
A group of investigative reporters who pointed out the abuses of big business and the corruption of urban politics; included Frank Norris (The Octopus) Ida Tarbell (A history of the standard oil company) Lincoln Steffens (the shame of the cities) and Upto
Initiative
A procedure by which voters can propose a law or a constitutional amendment.
Referendum
A state-level method of direct legislation that gives voters a chance to approve or disapprove proposed legislation or a proposed constitutional amendment.
Recall
A procedure for submitting to popular vote the removal of officials from office before the end of their term.
Muller vs. Oregon
The Petitioner, was found guilty of violating Oregon state statute that limited the length of the workday for women in laundry facilities.
Frances E. Willard
president of Christian Temperance Union. An American educator, temperance reformer, and women's suffragist. Her influence was instrumental in the passage of the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution.
Pure Food and Drug Act
1906 - Forbade the manufacture or sale of mislabeled or adulterated food or drugs, it gave the government broad powers to ensure the safety and efficacy of drugs in order to abolish the "patent" drug trade. Still in existence as the FDA.
Gifford Pinchot
head of the U.S. Forest Servic under Roosevelt, who believed that it was possible to make use of natural resources while conserving them
Pancho Villa
A popular leader during the Mexican Revolution of 1910. An outlaw in his youth, when the revolution started, he formed a cavalry army in the north of Mexico and fought for the rights of the landless in collaboration with Emiliano Zapata.
Franz Ferdinand
Archduke of Austria Hungary who was assassinated at Sarajevo by a Serbian terrorist group called the Black Hand; his death was a main cause for World War I
George Creel
A journalists who was the head of the Committee of Public Information. He helped the anti-German movement as well as inspired patriotism in America during the war.
First Red Scare
Early 1920s, Americans were fearful of a communist take over, many bombings; also fearful of all immigrants, like Sacco and Vanzetti; KKK resurfaced, Palmer Raids sought suspects
William Jennings Bryan
United States lawyer and politician who advocated free silver and prosecuted John Scopes (1925) for teaching evolution in a Tennessee high school (1860-1925)
Black Tuesday (1929)
It was the fourth and worst day of the 1929 stock market crash, and started the Great Depression.
Homestead Strike
1892 steelworker strike near Pittsburgh against the Carnegie Steel Company. Ten workers were killed in a riot when "scab" labor was brought in to force an end to the strike. Henry Clay Frick cut wages and force steel workers to leave their unions or bring