psychopharmacology
the scientific study of the effects of drugs on behavior
drug
any chemical entity or mixture of entities not required for the maintenance of health but that alters biological function or structure when administered
drug use
drug consumption that does not meet the criteria for drug abuse
drug abuse
any use of drugs that causes physical, psychological, legal, or social harm to the individual user or to others affected by the drug user's behavior
drug dependence
drug use associated with tolerance and withdrawal symptoms
drug use disorder
diagnostic term currently used to describe a cluster of symptom characteristics
addiction
overwhelming involvement with using a drug and getting an adequate supply of it, and having a strong tendency to resume use of it after stopping for a period of time
psychological dependence
the emotional state of craving a drug either for its positive effect or to avoid negative affects associated with its abuse
craving
typically a strong or intense desire to use a drug
- origin
- therapeutic use
- site of drug action
- chemical structure
- mechanism of action
- street name
What are major ways to classify drugs?
(1) pharmacological effect
(2) characteristics of the drug user
(3) setting in which the drug is used
Three sets of factors in the drug experience?
drug dosage
measure of how much of the drug is consumed
route of drug administration
the manner by which the drug enters the body
expectations about the drug
What psychological factors effect drug use?
age, gender, size, tolerance, personality
What physical factors effect drug use?
physical environment, other individuals, country, time of day
What setting factors effect drug use?
economic cost
social cost (burden on emergency rooms, drug-related crimes)
What are negative consequences of drug and alcohol abuse?
tolerance
increased amounts of a drug needed to achieve intoxication, or a diminished drug effect with continued use of the same amount of drug
withdrawal
a definable illness that occurs with a cessation or decrease in use of a drug
tolerance, withdrawal
______ and ________ powerfully affect drug-use patterns
- functional impairment
- taking larger amounts of drugs for longer than intended
- wanting to stop but cant
- craving to use
- withdrawal and tolerance
what are symptoms of substance use disorder?
can't see your children because of drug use
what is an example of a social consequence of drug use?
getting into fights because of being on drugs
what is an example of physical consequence of drug use?
depression
what is an example of a psychological consequence of drug use?
ingestion of alcohol & plants with pscyhoactive properties
what was the earliest drug use?
few restrictions
prior to the 20th century there were _________ on drug availability
cocaine
widely used in medicines and tonics
amphetamines
used to treat depression and now for weight control
medicinal purposes
many illegal drugs have been used for ________
medical and nonmedical uses of drugs
it is impossible to seperate __________
legislation
main mechanism for establishing formal guidelines about drugs
- designed to establish restrictions or prohibit manufacture, importation, sale, or possession of substance
San Francisco Ordinance
banished opium dens, recieved a fine or minimal jail sentence
Pure food and drug act
- first federal drug legislation
- mandated listing of types and amounts of drugs contained in medicine
- specifically opiates
Harrison narcotics tax act
- regulated but did not prohibit the legal supply of certain drugs
- resulted in the establishment of drug treatment centers for opiate addicts
death rated attributable to liver issues, alcohol admissions to hospitals, arrest rates for alcohol offenses
what did prohibition decrease?
- increased organized crime
- more marijuana use
- shift from drinking beer to spirits
failures of prohibition?
marijuana tax act
authorized producers, manufacturers, importers, and dispensers of the drug had to register and pay annual license fee
controlled substances act
classified drugs according to legitimate medical uses and potential for abuse and dependence
Comprehensive Methamphetamine Control Act
restricted access to chemicals used to make methamphetamin
pharmocokinetics
the branch of pharmacology that concerns the absorption, distribution, biotransformation, and excretion of drugs
pharmacology
the study of drugs on the brain and body
pharmacodynamics
the branch of pharmacology that concerns the biochemical and physiological effects of drugs and their mechanisms of action
drug dose
computed according to the recipient's body weight
route of administration
- site where drug is taken, or how it is taken
- chosen according to the drug taken and the goals and circumstances of administration
oral administration
absorbed in stomach lining and large/small intestines
In the form of pills, capsules, liquids, etc.
Ex: cough syrup, cold remedies, headache medicine
subcutaneous injection
under the skin (Ex: TB shot, birth control)
- easiest of injection routes to use
intramuscular injection
within the muscle, can result in localized pain (Ex: EPI pen)
- faster absorption rate
intravenous injection
into the veins, drugs quickly reach the site of action (Ex: IV drip, heroin)
- most highly associated with complication
inhalation
absorbed through the lung's membranes; results in fast absorption (Ex: marijuana)
sublingual
drug is placed under the tongue to dissolve
transdermal
through the skin, such as with a patch
- not as affective becuase the skin acts as a barrier to some chemicals
absorption
the rate and extent to which a drug leaves its site of administration
bioavailability
the portion of the original drug dose that reached the site of action or that reaches a fluid in the body that gives it access to its site of action
lipids
drugs more soluble in _______ are more readily absorbed
water solution
drugs taken in _________ are absorbed faster because they are dissolved more readily at the site of absorption
diffusibility
more easily entered into or "receptive" of another
solubility
the ease with which a compound can be dissolved or entered into a solution
enzymes
play a major part in drug absorption
kidney
most important organ for excretion of both drugs and their metabolites
zero order kinetics
the rate at which a drug is metabolized is independent of its concentration in the blood
ex: alcohol
first order kinetics
the amount of drug that is metabolized in a unit of time depends on how much drug is in the blood
- most drugs follow this order
half-life
the time that must pass for the amount of drug in the body to be reduced by half
blood and urine
most commonly taken drug tests?
recent use
if a drug is detected through blood that indicates ______
substitution, adulteration, and dilution
what are three major methods for false negatives?
dose effect curve
representation of some effect according to the dose of a drug
ex: several groups of people may dink different doses of alcohol and be asked to report their degree of relation at a given point. If the average reports of relaxation for each group were then
efficacy
the most intense, or peak, level of a drug effect
drug potency
the minimum effective dose of a drug
slope
reflects the effect of the drug as a function of increasing concentration (ex: drug dose)
effective dose (ED)
the dose at which a given percentage of individuals show a particular effect of a drug
ex: doctors say ____ 50 for sedation�this means that 50% of the people who receive that amount of the drug will experience sedation
lethal dose (LD)
the dose of a drug at which a given percentage of individuals die within a specified time
ex: __ 50 would mean the dose at which 50% of the animals administered a given dose of drug died at the same time
synergism
any enhancing drug interaction
when the effects of taking two drugs together are greater than taking them separately
antagonism
the diminished or reduced effect of a drug when another drug is present
ex: amphetamines (stimulants) ______ alcohol (depressant)
initial sensitivity
the effect of the drug on a first-time user
body fat
women have higher _______, therefore they are more affected
addictive personality
the hypothesis of a personality structure common to all people with substance use disorders
drug expectancy
a person's anticipation of or belief about what he or she will experience upon taking the drug
can be direct or indirect
dispositional tolerance
an increase in the rate of metabolizing a drug as a result of its regular use
functional tolerance
decreased behavioral effects of a drug as a result of its regular use
- brain and central nervous system are less sensitive to drugs
acute tolerance
a type of functional tolerance that occurs within a course of action of a single drug dose
ex: alcohol�when you first drink it you are impaired, later you are not as impaired
protracted tolerance
a type of functional tolerance that occurs over the course of two or more drug administrations
- consumes a greater amount of drug to achieve an effect one achieved with a lesser dose
behavioral tolerance
adjustment of behavior through experience in using a drug to compensate for it's intoxicating effects
ex: someone who is familiar with alcohol might learn how to walk slowly when drunk to avoid falling
cross tolerance
tolerance to a drug or drugs never taken that results from protracted tolerance to another drug or drugs
ex: people who are highly tolerant of alcohol/barbituates are an issue for anesthesiologists because they have to determine a dose that is safe but wi
psychosis
a severe mental disorder whose sumptoms include disorganized thinking and bizarre behavior
paradoxical
contrary to what is expected
reverse tolerance
increased sensitivity to a drug with repeated use of it
ex: marijuana and cocaine use
homeostasis
a state of equilibrium or balance
escape
termination of an aversive stimulus
avoidance
prevents the delivery of an aversive stimulus
negative reinforcement
escape and avoidance are usually discussed when talking about?
functional analysis
individualized assessment aimed at understanding the factors underlying particular behavior
answers the question "why"
evaluates: problem behavior, triggers, thoughts and feelings, positive and negative consequences
users acknowledge that the positive consequences of use do seem to outweigh the negatives in the moments prior to use
what did the supplemental reading stress?