Muckrakers
Writers who exposed corruption and abuses in politics, business, meat-packing, child labor, and more, primarily in the first decade of the twentieth century; their popular books and magazine articles spurred public interest in progressive reform.
Jacob Riis
Muckraking journalist and photographer who exposed the poverty, disease, and crime that afflicted many immigrant neighborhoods in New York City in his work
How the Other Half Lives
.
Ida Tarbell
Muckraking journalist who exposed the corruption of the oil industry in her work
A History of Standard Oil
.
Lincoln Steffens
Muckraking journalist who exposed the corruption of political machines in the cities in his book
The Shame of the Cities
.
Square Deal
Name given to
Teddy Roosevelt
's domestic programs; included conservation of natural resources, control of corporations, and consumer protection.
Coal Mine Strike of 1902
Strike by the United Mine Workers of America in eastern Pennsylvania for higher wages and shorter work days;
Teddy Roosevelt
used the threat of a federal take-over to force mine owners to negotiate
Historical Significance:
The first labor dispute in which
Newlands Reclamation Act (1902)
Authorized the use of federal funds from public land sales to pay for irrigation and land development projects, mainly in the dry Western states.
Elkins Act (1903)
Strengthened the
Interstate Commerce Act
by imposing heavy fines on railroads offering rebates and on the shippers accepting them.
Northern Securities v. United States (1904)
Case in which
Teddy Roosevelt
ordered ordered the Department of Justice to take the Northern Securities Company to court for violating the
Sherman Antitrust Act
in his "trust-busting" efforts to break up Big business monopolies.
Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)
The first law to regulate manufacturing of food and medicines; prohibited dangerous additives and inaccurate labeling.
Upton Sinclair
Muckraking writer whose novel
The Jungle
revealed gruesome details about the meat-packing industry in Chicago.
Meat Inspection Act (1906)
Passed largely in reaction to Upton Sinclair's
The Jungle
, the law set strict standards of cleanliness in the meatpacking industry.
Hepburn Act (1906)
?
Payne-Aldrich Tariff (1909)
?
Ballinger-Pinchot Controversy (1909-10)
?
Mann-Elkins Act (1910)
?
Election of 1912
Candidates
William H. Taft vs. Teddy Roosevelt vs. Woodrow Wilson vs. Eugene V. Debs
Results
Taft's nomination led Roosevelt to run as the
Progressive Party
candidate, splitting Republican votes and allowing Wilson to win the presidency.
Historical Signif
New Nationalism
Teddy Roosevelt's platform in the
Election of 1912
:
Minimum wage
Workmen's compensation
Eight-hour working day
Help for the elderly, unemployed, & disabled
Women's suffrage
Direct election of senators
Campaign finance reforms
New Freedom
Woodrow Wilson's platform in the
Election of 1912
:
Tariff reform
Business reform
Banking reform
Underwood Tariff (1913)
Substantially reduced the tariff; was revenue was paid for by the graduated income tax created by the
16th Amendment
Federal Reserve Act (1913)
Created the Federal Reserve System & granted it the authority to issue paper money; also established a Federal Reserve Board to oversee a nationwide system of privately owned regional banks
Clayton Anti-Trust Act (1914)
Supplemented the
Sherman Antitrust Act
by
outlawing price discrimination and regulating mergers & acquisitions
Keating-Owen Act (1916)
?
Sixteenth Amendment (1913)
One of the Progressive Amendments
Provisions
:
Allows the federal government to levy an income tax.
Seventeenth Amendment (1913)
One of the Progressive Amendments
Provisions
:
Allows for the direct election of U.S. Senators.
Eighteenth Amendment (1919)
One of the Progressive Amendments
Provisions
:
Banned the sale and drinking of alcohol in the United States; repealed with the
21st Amendment
.
Nineteenth Amendment (1919)
One of the Progressive Amendments
Provisions
:
Grants women the right to vote.
Booker T. Washington
Former slave who promoted economic independence and a slow transition for blacks into free society; founded the
Tuskegee Institute
.
W.E.B. Dubois
Challenged Washington's ideas on race relations and encouraged blacks to resist systems of segregation and discrimination; leader of the
Niagara Movement
in 1905; founding member of the
NAACP
.
NAACP
Interracial organization founded in 1909 to abolish segregation and discrimination and to achieve political and civil rights for African Americans.