The advocates of "Continentalism" thought
-The US should not expand beyond the boundaries of the continent of North America and no further
-Atlantic to Pacific
The supporters of "Continentalism" included all of the following
-racists who did not want any more non-white, Anglo-Saxon Protestant settlers in the US.
-people, especially white southerners, who had a fear of a large standing army needed for a world-wide empire
-advocates/proponents of a low cost, low taxing governme
In the mid 19th century, American national security from foreign attack rested on
-broad oceans on the east & west
-militarily weak neighbors both north & south
In the first Cleveland Administration in 1889, the US almost came into a conflict with Britain & Germany over
-Samoa
1st Cleveland Administration overseas action
-needed coaling station for steam boats
-all want to put a coaling station on Samoa
Factors that led to the new imperialist spirit in the US during the late 1880's & 1890's included
-The South was redeemed & the West was settled freeing those citizens to look overseas.
-There was a big need for overseas markets for US industrial goods.
-The European example of the carving up of Africa convinced Americans they should have an empire to
The most important economic factor in the drive for expansion was
-the need for overseas markets for US manufactured products
Jingoism" was
-a warlike-patriotism for expansion
The resolution of the British/Venezuelan boundary dispute in 1895 was ended by
-arbitration by the German Kaiser Wilhelm 2 after the US said it backed Venezuela
Britain vs. Venezuela (1895)
-U.S. presence upon world stage
-U.S. backed Venezuela
Hawaii interested the US in the late 1880's & 1890's primarily because of its
-sugar production, source of sugar, sugar act
US invest in Hawaii
-American planters in Hawaii
-Repriprocity treaty of 1875 repealed by Mckinley tariff of 1893
-Hawaii annexed in 1898
The US went to war with Spain because
-There was a US perception of Spanish misrule in Cuba. Gen. Valeriano Weyiler's reconcentration policy against 1895 revolt
-Yellow Journalists sensationalized the situation in Cuba.
-The battleship "Maine" exploded in Havana harbor, destruction of the Mai
The most impressive aspect of the Spanish American War in the Pacific was
-COMMO George Dewey's stunning victory in Manila Bay on May 1, 1897 that gave the US control of the Pacific over Spain.
The greatest American casualties in the Spanish American War were caused by
-rotten food
-tropical diseases
-major medical and supply problems
The US conquests of the Spanish American War that were incorporated formally into a new American Empire included all of the following
-Puerto Rico
-Guam
-the Philippines
President McKinley officially said the US needed to retain the Philippines to
-civilize & Christianize the natives
The results of the peace treaty on 1898 that ended the Spanish American War gave to the US
-U.S. got Puerto Rico, the Philippines and Guam
-the right to intervene in Cuban internal affairs under the Platt Amendment
-U.S. paid Spain $20,000,000
-U.S. a world power
The campaign in the Philippines after 1898
-was a very nasty guerrilla war
-was fought against Filipino natives who desired independence for the their country
-was fought against forces led by Emilio Aguinaldo the leader
-ended when the US captured Aguinaldo & bribed the leaders of the revolt to q
The Platt Amendment
-gave the US the right to intervene in an independent Cuba when U.S. life liberty or property threatened
-Sen. Orville Platt (Rep)
-protected U.S. Business interests in Cuba
Secretary of State John Hays' "Open Door" policy applied to allowing US trade inside
-China
-U.S. wanted access to Chinese market not territory in China
-Europe and Japan happy
The Boxer Revolt in China in 1900
-was a revolt by Chinese nationalists desiring to rid China of foreign occupation
-got its name because many of the poorly-armed Chinese used martial arts
-was destroyed by a multi-national force (including US Marines) that rescued foreigners beseiged in
The results of the presidential election of 1900 showed
-Republican William McKinley was re-elected over Democrat William Jennings Bryan
-The US voters rewarded McKinley prosperity.
-The US voters were proud of a new empire & disagreed with Bryan's anti-imperialism.
-economic prosperity more important than ant
The most notable 20th cent corporate trends by 1900 in the US were
-consolidation of companies with an industry-steel, oil
-the rise of professional management-colleges of business administration
The Niagara Movement begun in 1905
-It was founded by W.E.B. DuBoise.
-It was an organization to promote African American rights, became NAACP (1909)
-It believed in full citizenship rights for all Americans, especially African Americans.demanded full political, legal, and economic equalit
Goals of the feminists in the early 1900's included
-prohibition
-suffrage for women
-protective legislation in the workplace for women & children
The labor union movement was split in the early 1900's because of a conflict between which two leaders
-Eugene Debs, who advocated peaceable work stoppages & strikes
-William Haywood, who advocated the use of violence if necessary in strikes, "It is our purpose to overthrow the capitalist system by forcible means if necessary.
William James & John Dewey were responsible for the popularity of
-pragmatism
Pragmatism
-ideas that worked became truth
-primary question: Does it work?
-William James-Psychologist
-John Dewey-educator
The early leader of Progressivism was
-Robert LaFollette of Wisconsin-Governor 1901-1907
-Wisconsin
-Teddy Roosevelt's "Laboratory of Democracy
The goals of Progressivism included
-railroad & banking regulation
-conservation
-limiting lobbyists, instituting civil service, & being more business-like in government
-initiative, referendum, & recall
-wanted to strengthen executive branch
-wanted to weaken legislature controlled by poli
Theodore Roosevelt's philosophy of presidential leadership included
-TR's View of president role-"Bully Pulpit" forum of ideas
-The president should identify problems of national concern.
-The president should propose to Congress solutions to those problems.
-The president should implement congressional legislation to cor
Theodore Roosevelt's policies during his his first term
-were predominantly conservative, with a few exceptions, because he needed support from the Old Guard conservatives to be renominated
-quiet rhetoric
-careful of old guard
-had to be re-elected
Theodore Roosevelt's trust policy included
-attacking only those trusts that were in flagrant abuse of the public welfare
-differentiate between "good" and "bad" trusts
-didn't attack all trusts
-1st target- northern securities trust 1902
Theodore Roosevelt's handling of the anthracite coal strike of 1902 included
-TR served as an impartial arbitrator between the striking miners & the coal mine owners.
-It marked the first time any president served in this role as arbitrator.
-TR felt national welfare at state
-TR was impartial arbitrator
-Mine Owners raised wages
Theodore Roosevelt's views were well ahead of his time when it came to
-forest conservation
-TR wanted wise use of natural resources
Theodore Roosevelt's progressive accomplishments after 1907
-were curtailed after he had to borrow gold for the US from J.P. Morgan in the Panic of 1907
Theodore Roosevelt as progressive to curb business
-Elkins Act 1903- empower ICC and forbid rebates
-Meat Inspection Act 1906 sanitation
-Pure food and drug Act 1906- list ingredients
-Hepburn Act 1906- regulate railroads (set maximum rates and review RR records)
-The panic of 1907 and needed J.P. Morgan'
Theodore Roosevelt's defense accomplishments/policy included
-creation of the chief of staff system for the US Army (general staff)
-founding of the Army War College 1904
-expansion of a large modern Navy
The Insular Cases in 1900 & 1910 in the US Supreme Court
-showed that racism penetrated to the Supreme Court
-stated that natives of the newly won US overseas possessions were not US citizens unless Congress specifically legislated it
-showed racism in U.S. at time
Conditions in the Philippines under the administration of Theodore Roosevelt included
-an end to the Insurrection
-the appointment of Insurrectionist leader Emilio Aguinaldo as Lieutenant Governor of the Philippines
-the appointment of Judge William Howard Taft as a civilian Governor of the Philippines in 1902
-US aid for education, road c
Theodore Roosevelt's foreign policy for the western hemisphere included
-the Roosevelt Corollary that allowed the US to intervene in Latin American internal affairs if US interests were threatened
-a desire to build an interocean canal through Central America
-U.S. protected big business
-U.S. in Cuba, Haiti, Dominican Rep.,
The Panama Canal was built by the US after
-France had failed in its attempt to build the canal.
-Columbia refused to allow/ratify Hay-Herran treaty for US to do it.
-TR encouraged a revolt in Panama to break away from Columbia 1903
-The US recognized Panama's independence and then Panama agreed t
Theodore Roosevelt's role in the Russo-Japanese War was
-to arbitrate a peace treaty at Portsmouth & win the Nobel Peace Prize policy in 1905
-TR responsible for treaty of Portsmouth (1904)
Theodore Roosevelt did not run for re-election in 1908 because
-He respected the two-term tradition & retired to go big game hunting in Africa.
-changed mind in 1912
The Republican coalition of 1908 included all of the following
-the Old Guard conservatives/businessmen
-younger urban progressives
-western farmers
William H. Taft's perception of the presidency included
-an executive who did not interfere with Congress
-"I don't like politics. I don't like the limelight."
-Taft let congress take lead on domestic legislation
-different from TR
All of the following issues divided the Republicans during Taft's term
-the tariff
-railroad regulation- Mann Elkins Act
-the power of the Speaker of the House of Representatives (Rep. Joseph "Uncle Joe" Cannon)
-public lands policy -Ballinger- Pichot Affair
The "dollar diplomacy" of Taft meant
-Economic penetration of foreign markets would be a primary US foreign policy tool, especially in Latin America.
Theodore Roosevelt lost the Republican presidential nomination in 1912 to Taft because
-Taft rigged the convention
Taft's Dollar Diplomacy
-Economic penetration of foreign markets
-Promote U.S. financial and business interests abroad
-Used economic power rather than military power
-Notably in Latin America
Constitutional Amendments in 1912-1913 that pleased the reformers included
-16th Amendment to allow a federal income tax
-17th Amendment for direct election of US Senators
Woodrow Wilson's chief advisor on the New Freedom programs was
-Louis Brandeis
TR denied 1912 Republican nomination
-Taft and Party bosses rigged the convention
-Southern "presidential" republicans
In the presidential election of 1912
-Taft & TR split the Republican vote.
-Wilson was elected as a minority president with just 41% of the vote.
-Debs for Socialists gathered more than 1,000,000 votes.
The Underwood-Simmons Tariff of 1913
-Democrats lowered the tariff rates by 15%
The purpose of the Federal Reserve Act of 1913 was
-U.S. government to regulate banks- 12 regional banks
responsible to Fed Reserve Board
-Populists and Progressive goal adopted by Wilson
-Wilson looked to 1916 election
The weaknesses of the Clayton Anti-Trust Act were
-Although stronger than the Sherman Anti-Turst Act, it was hampered by loosely-written language.
Wilson and Trusts (Big Business)
-Sherman Anti-trust Act- loose language
-Clayton Anti-trust act (1914) no interlocking directorates and said unions not conspiracies in restraint of trade and could strike and picket
-Populist and progressive goal
The basis for Wilson's foreign policy rested on
-moral diplomacy & law
-based on moral law and principle= moral diplomacy
-Wilson had no foreign experience
-Wilson very naive
William Jennings Bryan's contribution to foreign policy as Secretary of State was
-"Cooling-off period" diplomacy
William Jennings Bryan
-Secretary of state
-"Cooling-off period" diplomacy
-Interested in "human rights"
-No experience in foreign policy- skeptical of state department experts
Wilson's foreign policy with Mexico
-led to a repudiation of his own "cooling-off period" diplomacy
-resulted in the US seizure of Vera Cruz
-led to a US Army invasion of Mexico under BG John J. Pershing
The US had a growing sympathy for the Allies in World War I from 1914 to 1917 due to
-There existed a common language & heritage with Britain for most Americans.
-American industry & agriculture provided products to the Allies.
-American banks & the government loaned money to the Allies.
-Allied propaganda showed the Germans violated inte
The "Sussex" Pledge by Germany
-promised to end unrestricted submarine warfare
Wilson's policy of "preparedness" prior to US entrance into World War I included
-increasing the US Army
-increasing the US Navy
The groups of Americans who supported Wilson's re-election in 1916 included
-southern whites
-labor unions
-liberals
-many Progressives
The Zimmerman Note of 1917
-promised Mexico could have the US Southwest if they joined Germany in a war against the US
-antagonized the US even more against Germany
The decisive event that brought the US into World War I was
-the German resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare
-Wilson safely re-elected
US troops played an important role in the World War I battle of
-the Meuse Argonne
US troops in World War I
-May 1917- draft
-Trench warfare- barbed wire and machine guns
-New weapons- Airplane, poison gas, tanks, submarine
-Meuse- Argonne climate campaign Sept. 1918
The key factor in turning the war in favor of the Allies was
-the development of the convoy system to get supplies to Europe
-US Navy in WW1
-ADM William S. Sims
Congress granted President Wilson wartime powers to control
-Control agricultural production- food administration (Herbert Hoover)
-Control industrial production- War industrial board (Bernard Baruch)
-Control railroad transportation
-Control shipping- the war shipping board
The US financed World War I with
-higher federal income taxes ($10 b)
-borrowing money ($23 b)
-$32,000,000,000
The 18th Amendment to the Constitution
-instituted Prohibition
-was unpopular with a majority of Americans soon after the war ended
-led to the rise of organized crime
-War-time reaction against Germans
Wilson's Fourteen Points included all of the following
-National self-determination for people
-No secret treaties & open diplomacy
-Freedom of the seas
-A League of Nations
-No trade barriers
People & groups who opposed Wilson's Fourteen Points / Treaty of Versailles included all of the following
-isolationists
-most Republicans
-Senator Henry Cabot Lodge
-protectionists
-High tariff supporters
-Nationalists
The US delegation to the Versailles Treaty conference was inadequate because
-It included no Republicans & the Republicans had just taken control of the US Senate, which would have to ratify the treaty.
-Excluded Lodge, Taft, and Root
The Treaty of Versailles was not ratified by the US Senate because
-Wilson would not compromise with Lodge & the Reservationists.
-"Anyone who opposes me in that I'll crush."
-18 irreconcilables
-58 Reservationists
-20 Wilson puppets
Senator Henry Cabot Lodge opposed the Treaty of Versailles because
-He intensely disliked Wilson.
-An unratified treaty would help the Republicans in the 1920 presidential election.
-Its League of Nations clause would violate the balance of power theory that Lodge supported.
-Ignored balance of power theory
-Disliked Wil
World War I was followed in rather short order by all of the following
-an economic recession
-higher unemployment
-labor strikes
-a Red Scare
-Inflation
-Hysteria against radicals (Red Scare)
The goals of the NAACP in the 1920's included
-Demanded higher wages
-votes for all Blacks
-Demanded equal protection of the laws
Marcus Garvey
-appealed to Black pride
-supported a "back to Africa" movement
-was ignored by most Blacks when he wanted them to leave the US & go back to Africa
-Few African American followed him
-Jailed and deported to Jamaica
A. Mitchell Palmer
-U.S. Attorney General
-Raids against suspected radicals
-Wanted dem presidential nomination in 1920
-Red Scare ended
The victims of Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer's raids in the Red Scare were mostly
-suspected radicals
The Sacco & Vanzetti case showed
-Anti-immigrant prejudice sometimes left immigrants with little justice.
All of the following supported the Republican Coalition in 1920
-northern & western businessmen (except in south)
-western farmers
-Midwest farmers
-Middle class (except in south)
-northern Blacks
-those who opposed high taxes
-Irish-Americans
The most significant accomplishment of Warren Harding's administration was
-arms reduction with the Washington Naval Conferences
The meaning of the term "return to normalcy" meant
-going back to the governmental protection of big business of the McKinley Administration
The significance of the 1920's Supreme Court rulings was
-They weakened labor laws.
The Teapot Dome Scandal was
-an oil scandal in which a Cabinet member went to jail
US troops played an important role in the World War I battle of
-the Meuse Argonne