Pharmacology
The study of how the biochemical substances we know as drugs affect the structure and function of the human body
Incidence
How frequently someone takes a dose of a given drug
Prevalence
What segment of a population has used a given drug, or drugs in general, in a specified period of time
what is a sociological approach?
focus on Social groups and their structure, organization, and cultural elements
Objective drug effects
Result from being under the influence of a substance and can be measured reliably
Subjective drug effects
Cannot be measured on a consistent scale and are grounded in the experiential reality of the user
Synesthesia
A blending or mixing of the senses
Set
One's expectations prior to a drug-using experience or one's emotional state or mood
Route of administration
The method by which drugs are introduced into the body
Polydrug use
Using multiple substances in the same time period
Setting
The social context in which drugs are used
Potency
The strength of the drug in question, specifically to how much of that drug is necessary for an effective dose
Purity
The percentage of the drug sample that is actually the drug itself
Drug tolerance
The cumulative resistance to the pharmacological effects of a drug that develops in some users
Synergism
The condition where two or more drugs taken in combination have an effect that is greater than a simple additive effect
Antagonistic Drugs
Drugs that cancel each other out
Idiosyncratic effects
The effect of one of the drugs may be greatly heightened by the presence of the other drug, whose effect is muted, or the effects of both drugs may be heightened
Chronic effects
Those that accumulate over time as one continues to use or abuse a substance (health related effects)
Drug abuse
The use of a substance or substances in such a way that it leads to measurable personal, interpersonal, or social consequences
moral entrepreneurs
Those who take it upon themselves to tell us what we should be threatened by and what we should, as a society, do about that threat
anthropology
focus on rituals, practices, and beliefs of traditional and/or nonindustrial societies
political science
focus on government and political processes, how power is acquired and used, debates over law
economics
focus on the effects of trade, profits, and behaviors on economies, productivity, etc.
psychoactive drug
a drug that influences the central nervous system (CNS) (consciousness, perceptions, mood)
dose
amount of drug ingested
therapeutic dose
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lethal dose
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history
focus on records of prior circumstances and actions
Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988
required warning labels on all alcoholic beverages, reinstituted the federal death penalty for major drug traffickers, included provisions to combat money laundering and to require asset forfeiture of those arrested for drug violations, established drug-f
Controlled Substances Act of 1970
contains provisions that place strict requirements on recordkeeping, inventory control, and security of substances; broke down substances between drug schedules
drug schedules
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functional alternative
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Harrison Narcotics Act of 1914**
required that medical practitioners, doctors, and pharmacists, as well as manufacturers and importers of narcotics, register with the US government, obtain a license, pay a modest fee for this privilege and a small tax, and maintain paperwork on all drug
Marihuana Tax Act of 1937
individuals possessing or distributing marijuana without registering and obtaining a tax stamp, or administering the drug in a manner not in keeping with the course of their professional practice, would be subject to sanction
National Prohibition Act of 1919 (Volstead Act)
a piece of enabling legislation that cleared the way for practical implementation of alcohol prohibition
patent medicine
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Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906
a policy change whose goal was to make food and drugs safer for American consumers, required labels with all ingredients
temperance
moderation, but not abstinence
drug use
consuming a chemical substance that acts, or is believed to act, like a drug
drug addiction
physical need for drug; often with withdrawal symptoms
drug dependence
physical, psychological, and/or behavioral need for a drug
substance use disorder (DSM 5)
single category for drug abuse, addiction, and dependence
social construction
process by which interactions and individuals, groups, and organizations influence "reality
moral
cultural rejection of recreational drug use
rave act
Reducing America's Vulnerability to Ecstasy Act - made party hosts responsible for distributing E
what were the consequences of the Harrison Act?
it was a key step to criminalizing marijuana, it caused a rise of the prescription drug industry, and formed drug subcultures
eidetic imagery
sometimes called "eyeball movies"; the user, with eyes closed, sees visual images as though watching a motion picture
multilevel reality
seeing the same object or event from a variety of levels or perspectives
fluidity
objects are in continual flux
subjective exaggeration
multiplying the number or size of objects or events; major spatial distortion
emotional lability
great swings in mood or temperament
timelessness
time ceases to be relevant and even ceases to exist in the mind of the user
ambivalence
experiencing both good and bad emotions during the same episode, perhaps during the same moment in time
sensory overload
a sense of being bombarded with stimuli and not being able to process them adequately
amotivational syndrome
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anabolics
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depressants
slows down the CNS, affects many neurotransmitters, interacts with other drugs, produces tolerances and dependence
what are examples of depressants?
alcohol, barbiturates, tranquilizers, sedatives, inhalants, ether, rohypnol, GHB
endorphin
pain, stress
gateway drug
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hallucinogens
causes extreme sensory distortion, affects serotonin and other neuro-receptors, produces tolerance and cross-tolerance, has low dependence and overdose risk
what are examples of hallucinogens?
peyote, mescaline, LSD, PCP, psilocybin, mushrooms, nutmeg, MDMA
intoxication
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narcotics
most addictive of all drug types, affects endorphins, slows down the CNS
what are examples of narcotics?
opium, morphine, codeine, heroin, oxycodone, methadone
neurotransmitters
carry nerve impulses from one end of nerve cell to another (excite or inhibit)
overdose
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psychedelic
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roid rage
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serotonin
mood, sleep, pain, emotion, appetite
stimulants
speeds up the CNS, reduces appetite and inhibits sleep, increases energy, produces tolerance and dependence, has withdrawal symptoms, affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine
what are examples of stimulants?
caffeine, nicotine, meth, cocaine, MDMA, ritalin
synapse
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taxonomy
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dopamine
mood, euphoria
norepinephrine
emotion, mood
what are the 4 main neurotransmitters?
dopamine, serotonin, endorphin, and norepinephrine
what are examples of mood/performance drugs?
antidepressants, lithium, ritalin, anabolic steroids, human growth hormones
addictive personality
those who abused drugs or became dependent on them suffered from this type of personality
classical conditioning
the pairing of a conditioned stimulus (such as a bell or a location) with an unconditioned stimulus (such as alcohol or drugs)
differential reinforcement
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double failure
those who have failed to achieve material success through either legitimate or illegitimate means
operant conditioning
a type of conditioning that makes individuals likely to engage in behaviors that are positively rewarded and avoid those that produce negative consequences
primary deviance
consists of those rule violations that are often inadvertent and that almost everyone engages in from time to time
retreatist
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scientific theory
an explanation for the relationship between two or more phenomena, based on testable hypotheses
secondary deviance
routine and systematic deviance as it reflects the new identity that the publicly labeled drug user has internalized
stigma
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Hypthosis
tentative answer to research question, prediction about the relationship between variables
what was Weil's idea?
human desire to alter consciousness is universal
neurochemistry theory
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biogenetic theory
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Psychoanalysis theory
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behavioral theory
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what are the social structural theories?
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what ate the social process theories?
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what are the societal reaction theories?
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strain/stress theory
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cultural deviance theory
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integrated theory (winick)
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social learning theory
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social control theory
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subcultural recruitment theory
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labeling theory
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conflict theory
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