exam 2

The dark figure of crime refers to

crime that is not reported to the police.

Victimogenesis refers to

the contributory background of a victim that makes him/her prone to victimization

Victimization appears to be a significant risk factor for future involvement in crime for

women

Which factor contributed to a dramatic increase in crime in the U.S. in the 1960s and 1970s?

The baby boom

Which of the following is most likely to result in a victim of a violent crime experiencing high levels of distress?

Being injured during an armed robbery

__refers specifically to a situation in which an individual is subject to multiple instances of varied victimizations

Polyvictimization

A husband and wife are the victims of securities fraud and lose a large sum of money. As a result, they can no longer afford to pay their child's tuition at university. The child is a(n)

secondary victim.

The majority of street robbers target

individuals involved in lawbreaking

A stalker who sees the victim as a soul mate is probably a(n) __________ stalker.

intimacy seeking

According to Groth's typology of pedophiles, __________ are adult pedophiles who engaged in planned sexual acts with children and whose behavior is not necessarily influenced by drugs or alcohol.

fixated offenders

The transit workers with the greatest risk of robbery are

taxi drivers

Which type of workplace violence accounts for the majority of workplace homicides?

Violent acts by criminals otherwise unconnected to the workplace

________ refers to how robbers who target drug dealers devote a significant amount of resources to minimize the likelihood of coming into contact with their victims after the crime.

Hypervigilance

The female serial killers who killed on the orders of Charles Manson were examples of __________ killers.

disciple

Which of the following is an example of a nonprimary homicide?

Two men meet in a bar and get into an argument over the Super Bowl, during which one man stabs and kills the other.

Which of the following types of robbery is most likely to be affected by crime prevention strategies?

Robberies on mass transit

_______ are conditions, usually situational, which increase the likelihood of a violent outburst but are not necessary to produce that response.

Facilitators

Which of the following is a mission-oriented serial killer?

An offender who kills victims he believes to be evil

Premeditated murder is

first degree murder.

Property crimes are often investigated from the perspective of __________ theories.

rational choice

The primary motivation for the crime of joyriding is

fun

A fence commits the crime of

receiving stolen property

One of the best ways to address both shoplifting and employee theft is through

technology

During the __________ period of a property offender's criminal career, rehabilitation efforts are most likely to fail.

stable

Children between the ages of 8 and 12 mainly start fires

due to underlying psychosocial conflicts.

Changes in the rates of robbery and burglary in the U.S. in the 1980s have been linked to

an increased demand for crack cocaine

Most employee theft of cash or merchandise is committed by _________ employees.

short-term

The 1998 Identity Theft and Assumption Deterrence Act

made identity theft a federal crime.

A fence specializes in stolen video games, which he integrates into the legitimate inventory in the video game store he operates. This makes him a _________ fence.

fully covered

Which of the following is most likely to be a low-level burglary?

A juvenile who commits crimes impulsively, usually works with others, and is easily deterred by security devices such as alarms

The majority of individuals involved in arson are

juveniles

A(n) ___________ receiver is most likely to be used by high-level burglars

professional

Property crimes are often investigated from the perspective of __________ theories.

rational choice

The single most important piece of federal legislation that specifically targets organized crime activities is

RICO

Among the various types of prostitutes, the ________ commands the lowest prices and runs the highest risk of arrest.

streetwalker

Most cocaine entering the United States originates in

South America.

Unlawful activity undertaken and supported by organized criminal groups operating across national boundaries is known as ________ organized crime

transnational

The 2001 ________ Act gives the SEC the authority to bar dishonest corporate directors and officers from ever again serving in positions of corporate responsibility.

Sarbanes-Oxley

Why can't drug abusers just summon up the willpower to stop taking drugs?

Drug abuse is a disease that affects the brain and the ability to stop

Edwin Sutherland applied elements of ________ theory to white-collar crime.

differential association

The Pure Food and Drug Act

required manufacturers to list their ingredients

To what exactly did the concept of white-collar crime originally refer?

Crimes committed by persons of high social status using their occupational positions for illegal gain

Currently, the concept of white-collar crime focuses on the

nature of the crime

Why is AIDS/HIV considered to be a cost associated with drug use?

A large percentage of HIV infection is linked to intravenous drug use

The obstruction of justice conviction of the accounting firm of Arthur Anderson is an example of ________ crime.

corporate

The most commonly used illicit drug is

marijuana.

________ are produced by slightly changing the chemical makeup of illegal or controlled substances

Designer drugs