Growth of cities
By 1860, 1 of 5 americans live in a city
large populations, density of
buildings, noise, pollution, traffic, cultural
amenities, access to public services.)
Why did Europeans come to America in the late 1900s?
better economic opportunities, new freedoms,
peace
European and Asian immigrants arrived in the United States in great numbers during the late 1800s. Providing cheap labor, they made rapid industrial growth possible. They also helped populate the growing
New immigrants
Between 1866 and 1915, 25M immigrants enter the US
1840-1860 93% from Northern and Western Europe
1860-1900 59% from N and W Europe but now 33% from Southern and Eastern Europe. These are the "NEW IMMIGRANTS".
Between 1865�the year the Civil War ended�and
Push factors
Farm poverty and worker uncertainty
Wars and compulsory military service
Political tyranny
Religious oppression
Population pressure
Pull factors
Plenty of land and plenty of work
Higher standard of living
Democratic political system
Opportunity for social advancement
steerage,
The voyage to the United States was often
very difficult. Most immigrants booked passage
in steerage, the cheapest accommodations
on a steamship
Ellis Island
At the end of a 14-day journey, the passengers
usually disembarked at Ellis Island, a
tiny island in New York Harbor. There, a huge
three-story building served as the processing
center for many of the immigrants arriving
from Europe after 1892.
Ethnic Cities
Many of those who passed these inspections
settled in the nation's cities. By the 1890s,
immigrants made up a large percentage of the
population of major cities, including New York,
Chicago, Milwaukee, and Detroit
In the cities, immigrants lived in neighb
What did Italians come to America?
Cholera epidemic in 1880's
Land shortage for peasants; landlords charge high rent
Food shortages
Poverty, unemployment
what were typical occupations for Italians?
unskilled labor - dock work, construction, railroads
some skilled labor such as bricklayers and other trades
Why did East Europeans come to America?
Russians, Poles - land shortages for peasants, unemployment, high taxes, long military draft
Jews - discrimination, poverty, and recurring programs
what were typical occupations for East Europeans?
Poles - farmers, coal miners, steel and textile millworkers, meatpacking
Jews - laborers, garment workers, merchants
Why did Chinese come to America?
Famine
Land shortage for peasants
Civil war (Taiping rebellion)
what were typical occupations for Chinese ?
Railroad and construction workers, some skilled labor
Merchants, small businesses
Upper class
Could afford elaborate mansions and many servants. Men typicallly owned or managed large businesses. Women almost never worked. Clothing was elaborate and expensive. Events, such as afternoon tea in tehir garden required formal dress and shows they had su
Middle class
Could generally afford their own homes and better quality clothing. women rarely worked and if they did, it was usually because they wanted a career, not out of necessity. Many families had at least one servant and enoguh money left over to buy luxuries.
Working class
Working women
Most working class families lived in apartments (called tenements), often only a single room in size. They had no servants and often husbands and wives both had to work.
Many young women worked long hours for little pay.
Urban poverty
Unable to afford homes, the urban poor slept on the street or built shacks in back alleys.
Issues with city living
crime, Pollution, violence, fire, disease, and pollution. The rapid growth of cities only made these problems worse and
complicated the ability of urban governments to respond to these problems.
Settlement houses
It was to help assimilate and ease the transition of immigrants into the labor force by teaching them middle class American values.
There was a need for daycare so all members for the family could go to work.
Jane Addams
Leader of Women's Movement
Created Hull House which was an environment for women in which they could receive an education on social and political issues
Became famous in organizing settlement houses in America designed to help the urban poor.
�She was a p
Hull House 1989
Settlement house
Teachers taught the English language and classes on American govt.
- Provided social services to reduce the effects of poverty by including - daycare center, homeless shelter, public kitchen, public baths
- Provided social and educational
main goal of the Progressive movement
purification of government, as the Progressives tried to expose and undercut political machines and bosses
was a collection of different ideas and activities. It was not a tightly organized political movement with a specific set of reforms. Rather, it was
Progressive Era
a period of social activism and reform that flourished from the 1890s to the 1920s.
a time when many Americans tried to improve their society. They tried to make
government honest, efficient, and more democratic. The movement for women's suffrage gained m
Why did many citizens call for reforms?
believed that industrialization and urbanization had created many social problems. After seeing the poverty of the working class and the
filth and crime of urban society, reformers began doubting the free market's ability to address those problems.
Some c
Muckrakers
Journalists who wrote about the problems and corruption
Journalist during the Progressive Era who dug up dirt on certain companies or political figures; tried to "fix the ills of society"
A writer who exposed the dirty truth about things
By raising public
Upton Sinclair
Journalist
Wrote The Jungle which is a book that exposed the horrible conditions and practices at the Chicago Meatpacking factory
muckraker
Wrote The Jungle 1906
Based on Sinclair's close observations
of the slaughterhouses of Chicago, the powerful book f
Meat Inspection Act, passed in 1906
Sinclair's book was a best-seller. It made
consumers ill�and angry. Many became vegetarians after reading the book. Roosevelt and Congress responded with the Meat Inspection Act, passed in 1906. It required federal inspection of meat sold through intersta
Upton Sinclair's novel "The Jungle" served as an expose of which industry?
Meat Packing
According to the expert from chapter 9, which of the following is true?
The factory owners are not concerned with environmental issues
Pure Food and Drug Act 1906
prohibited the manufacture, sale, or shipment of impure or falsely labeled food and drugs.
Passed same day as Meat Inspection Act
Ida Tarbell
Journalist
A social reformer
wrote a series of articles attacking Standard Oil
A Social Reformer
wrote "The History of the Standard Oil Company"
muckraker
She exposed the ruthless business practices of Standard Oil Company
Standard Oil's secret deals with
What is a description of the outcome of the "oil war" of 1872?
Rockefeller ends up owning roughly 85 of the Cleveland based oil refining companies
What is a description of how Rockefeller planned to collude with the Erie, Pennsylvania, and NY Central railroad companies to foce small refining company owners to sell him their companies?
Railroads agreed to raise their shipping prices, while providing him with "rebates" and "drawbacks".
That blow came in the form of the South Improvement Company, a corporation established in 1871 and widely viewed as an effort by Rockefeller and Standard
What was the impact of Tarbell's article series, "The History of the Standard Oil Company"?
Rockefeller's monopoly was broken up by the federal govt
Jacob Riis
Journalist
took pictures of poverty stricken immigrants in New York City slums and published them in his book How the Other Half Lives
muckraker
�Journalist who went through the slums in New York and took pictures of how the poor lived.
�Photographed impo
Progressive Reforms
Govt reform
Election reform (democratic reform)
Society reforms - Child labor, health and safety codes, prohibition
Govt reform
Progressives supported two proposals to
reform city government. The first, a commission
plan, divided city government into several
departments, each one under an expert commissioner's
control. The second approach was
a council-manager system. The city cou
Election reform (democratic reform)
Many believed
that the key to improving government was to
make elected officials more responsive and
accountable to the voters.
Election reform (democratic reform)
La Follette's Laboratory of Democracy
Led by Republican governor Robert M.
La Follette, Wisconsin became a model of progressive reform. La Follette attacked the way
political parties ran their conventions. Party
bosses controlled the selection of convention
delegates, which meant they also co
Election reform (democratic reform)
next steps after Wisconsin
Wisconsin's use of the direct primary soon
spread to other states, but to force legislators
to listen to the voters, progressives also pushed
for three additional reforms: the initiative, the
referendum, and the recall.
Election reform (democratic reform)
Initiative
instrumental in giving citizens the power to create laws. (It is a bill originated by people rather than by lawmakers on the ballot)
permitted a group of citizens to introduce legislation and required the legislature to vote on it.
Election reform
Referendum
a vote on an initiative. It allows voters to accept or reject the initiative.
allowed citizens to vote on proposed laws directly without going to the legislature.
Election reform
Recall
political reform that allows voters to remove public officials from their position by forcing them to have another election before the end of their term
lets voters to remove public officials from elected positions by forcing them to face another election
17th Amendment
Direct Election- The people would elect US senators.
Progressives also targeted the Senate.
Political machines and business interests often influenced these elections.
To counter Senate corruption, progressives
called for direct election of senators by th
Suffrage
Many progressives joined the movement
to win voting rights for women.
At the first women's rights convention in
Seneca Falls, New York, in 1848, Elizabeth Cady
Stanton convinced the delegates that their first
priority should be the right to vote. Decades
Women's suffrage movement - 2 groups
The debate over the Fourteenth and
Fifteenth Amendments split the suffrage
movement into two groups: the New York
City-based National Woman Suffrage Association, which Elizabeth Cady Stanton and
Susan B. Anthony founded in 1869, and the
Boston-based Ameri
Elizabeth C Stanton
1890 Elizabeth Cady Stanton becomes
president of the National American
Woman Suffrage Association
New York City-based National Woman Suffrage Association, which Elizabeth Cady Stanton and
Susan B. Anthony founded in 1869
National American Woman Suffrage
Association (NAWSA) 1890
the two groups united but still had trouble
convincing women to become politically active.
New York
City-based National Woman Suffrage Association, which Elizabeth Cady Stanton and
Susan B. Anthony founded in 1869
Susan B Anthony
1872 Susan B. Anthony votes illegally in the
presidential election in Rochester, New York,
claiming the Fourteenth Amendment gives her
that right; she is arrested and found guilty
New York City-based National Woman Suffrage Association, which Elizabeth Ca
Carrie Chapman Catt
In 1915 she became NAWSA's leader and tried to mobilize the suffrage movement in one final nationwide push. She also threw NAWSA's support behind Wilson's reelection campaign.
Nineteenth Amendment 1920
In 1918 the House of Representatives passed a women's suffrage amendment. The Senate voted on the amendment, but it failed by two votes
In June 1919 the Senate passed the amendment by slightly more than the two-thirds
vote needed. On August 26, 1920, afte
Dorthea Dix
Helping the Mentally Ill and Reforming the Prison System
�Conditions in the jails: small, dark, unheated cells, no food
�Her solutions: reported to legislators, inspect cells
Harriet Tubman
Women Activists
Abolitionist
Grimke Sisters
Women Activists
Abolitionists
Lucretia Mott
Abolitionist and womens right
Formed the Philidelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society in 1833
Founder of the American women's rights movement.
Emma Willard
opened a high school for girls in Vermont
Elizabeth Blackwell
first woman in America to earn a medical degree
Mary Lyon
opened Mount Holyoke Female Seminary in MA (first women's college)
Civil rights
Rights, freedoms, and liberties that should be given to the people no matter their race, ethnicity, lifestyles, or beliefs.
Can also refer to the nonpolitical rights of a citizen or person
Legalizing Segregation
African Americans in the North were often
barred from public places, but segregation, or
the separation of the races, was different in
the South. Southern states passed laws that
enforced discrimination. These laws became
known as Jim Crow laws. The term
Jim Crow laws,
laws at the local and state level which segregated whites from blacks and kept African Americans as 2nd class citizens and from voting.
poll taxes
literacy tests
grandfather clause
Laws that segregated whites from blacks and kept African Americans as 2nd
Jim Crow laws
Barbers
No colored barber shall serve as a barber (to) white girls or women (Georgia).
Jim Crow laws
Burial
The officer in charge shall not bury, or allow to be buried, any colored persons upon ground set apart or used for the burial of white persons (Georgia).
Jim Crow laws
manners
A black male could not offer his hand (to shake hands) with a white male because it implied being socially equal
Whites did not use courtesy titles of respect when referring to blacks, for example, Mr., Mrs., Miss., Sir, or Ma'am. Instead, blacks were cal
Plessy vs. Ferguson, 1896
Supreme Court case that established the "separate but equal clause"
Conductor orders Homer Plessy to leave the white section of the railroad car.
Supreme Court legalized segregation throughout the nation.
�"Separate but Equal" as long as public facilities
In court opinion over Plessy vs Ferguson, what distinction does Justice Brown make about the rights of citizens?
two races are absolutely equal
BUT no issue with laws preventing contact between the two races. These laws do not imply inferiority of one race vs the other.
Booker T Washington
Told African Americans to move slowly toward racial progress
The most famous African American of the late nineteenth century was the influential educator Booker T. Washington. He proposed that African Americans concentrate on achieving economic goals rath
W.E.B. Dubois
Harvard-educated black professor who focused on the need for a traditional liberal arts education for African-Americans who could then insist upon equal treatment and rights from white society.
Urged African Americans to demand immediate rights
How do Bla
NAACP 1909
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
Helped African Americans use the courts to challenge unfair laws
Concern over race riots and Jim Crow
Many Niagara Movement leaders joined and combined forces with whites to overcome inequalities
Niagara Movement 1906
In 1905 W.E.B. Du Bois and 28 other African American leaders met at Niagara Falls to demand full rights for African Americans. They met on the Canadian side of the falls because no hotel on the American side would accept them. There, they launched what be
child labor
Probably the most emotional progressive
issue was the campaign against child labor.
Children had always worked on family farms,
but mines and factories presented more dangerous and unhealthy working conditions.
John Spargo
Muckraker
book, The Bitter Cry of the Children, presented detailed evidence of child labor conditions
It told of coal mines that hired thousands of 9- or 10-year-old "breaker boys" to pick slag out of coal, paying them 60 cents for a 10-hour day. It descr
Health and Safety Codes
Many adult workers also labored in difficult
conditions. When workers were injured or
killed on the job, they and their families
received little or no compensation. Progressives
joined union leaders to pressure states for
workers' compensation laws. These
Labor Laws
In response in to poor working conditions - workers organized into labor unions and they got:
�Improved wages, work week, and child labor laws
�Work place safety standards
�Establish a minimum wage for work
The Prohibition Movement
Many progressives believed alcohol explained many of society's problems. Settlement house workers knew that hard-earned wages were often spent on alcohol and that drunkenness often led to physical abuse and sickness. Some employers believed drinking hurt
Carrie Nation
The Temperance Movement
"Battling Demon Rum"
�Problems caused by alcohol: domestic battery, child abuse, diseases, bankruptcy
�Possible Solutions: getting people to drink less, banning the sale of alcohol.
Urban League
helped poor in cities
Who was the first president to actively work to improve wildlife for wildlife management?
President Theodore Roosevelt
His ideology laid the groundwork for wildlife conservation in the United States. Roosevelt's work lead to the development of the National Wildlife Refuge System.
the Guilded Age 1870-1900
In 1873 Mark Twain and Charles Warner wrote a novel The Gilded Age: A Tale of Today. Historians later adopted the term. The era was in many ways a time of marvels.
Amazing new inventions led to rapid industrial growth. Cities expanded to sizes never seen
characteristics of the Guilded Age
growth of big business, the idea of individualism, new
social reforms
The industrialization of the United States led to
new art and literature and new ideas about government's
role in society.
Social Darwinism
believed the United States was in competition with the other nations of the world and that only the fittest would survive.
believed society developed through "survival of the fittest.
Individualism
One of the strongest beliefs of the era�and one that remains strong today�was the idea of individualism. Many Americans firmly believed that no matter how humble their origins, they could rise in society and go as far as their talents and commitment would
Square Deal.
Teddy Roosevelt's reform programs
"I shall see to it," Roosevelt declared in 1904, "that every man has a square deal, no less and no more.
Roosevelt Takes on the Trusts
Roosevelt remained concerned that the monopoly power of some trusts hurt the public interest. His goal was to ensure that trusts
did not abuse their power.
His first target was J. P. Morgan's
railroad holding company, Northern Securities
In 1904, in North
Conservation
New legislation gave the federal
government the power to conserve natural
resources. Roosevelt put his stamp on the presidency most clearly in the area of environmental conservation
Big game animals (elk, bison, and deer) had already been eliminated from
The Yellowstone Park Act , March 1, 1872
In 1872, legislation identified Yellowstone as the first national park.
This legislation was part of the Conservation Movement of the late 19th Century.
Animals also lacked the protection they needed.
Era of Preservation and Production or Protection (1900 - 1929)
Lacey Act (1900)
lead the way in not only protecting wildlife, but also habitat.
Among other restrictions, this act limited market hunting by making it a federal offense to transport illegally killed game from one state to another.
What were the policies and achievements of the Roosevelt and Taft presidencies?
Answers might include the breaking up of the trusts, increased consumer protection, and better conservation of resources.)
Tell students that this section will focus on the
reforms achieved during the Roosevelt and
Taft administrations.
Causes of the Progressive Movement
� People thought progress in science and knowledge could improve society.
� People thought immigration, urbanization, and industrialization had created social problems.
� People thought laissez-faire economics and an unregulated market led to social probl
Effects on Business and Society
� Interstate Commerce Commission is strengthened.
� Consumer protection laws are passed.
� Federal Trade Commission is created.
� Federal Reserve System is created to regulate the money supply.
� Clayton Antitrust Act grants labor unions more rights.
� Zo
Effects on Politics
� Cities begin adopting commission and city-manager forms of government.
� States begin to adopt the direct primary system, allowing
voters to choose candidates for offi ce.
� States begin to allow initiatives, referendums, and recall votes.
� Seventeenth
1. The term "muckraker" was used in the early 1900s to describe ________________
investigative journalists.
2. Women spent more than 70 years actively seeking , ------------ or the right to vote.
suffrage
3. The temperance movement was linked to the _____________of alcohol.
prohibition
4. When Gifford Pinchot leaked a story to the press against William Taft's will, the president fired him for ____________
insubordination.
5. The Federal Trade Commission was created to combat monopolies and trusts. It did this, in part, by preventing _________________________
unfair trade practices.
6. Progressivism used the principles of science to solve problems resulting from _______________
industrialization and urbanization.
7. Which of the following allowed proposed legislation to be placed on the ballot for voter approval?
referendum
8. What did the Nineteenth Amendment accomplish?
It granted women the right to vote.
9. Theodore Roosevelt became known as a trustbuster for his actions against __________________
the Northern Securities company.
10. Upton Sinclair's novel The Jungle was instrumental in exposing which industry?
meatpacking
11. President Taft broke with Roosevelt and progressives over
tariffs.
12. How did President Wilson attempt to reform the banking industry?
He created the Federal Reserve System.
13. What did Du Bois and other NAACP founders believe was essential to end racial violence?
voting rights for African Americans
14. How did Wisconsin governor Robert M. La Follette help to expand democracy in the United States?
by requiring political parties to hold a direct primary
17. The Progressive movement strengthened the cause of women's suffrage by _________________
showing women they needed the vote to get the reforms they wanted
Who were the Progressives? What did they want to achieve?
...
What were Muckrakers? Who were some of the most famous and their works?
...
Who was Jane Addams? How did she help women during the Progressive Era?
...
Who were some other prominent women reformers? (past and present)
...
What were the political reforms made during this time?
...
Who was the prominent activist for racial equality? What was his position on racial equality? What organization did he form?
...
How did labor laws change during this time?
...
What did the government do to try and preserve natural resources? Which president played a major role in this movement?
...
What Act protected the natural wildlife in its entirety?
The Lacey Act
SSUSH14 - Explain America's evolving relationship with the world at the turn of the 20th century
...
Nativism Resurges
Eventually the wave of immigration led to
increased feelings of nativism on the part of
many Americans. Nativism is an extreme dislike
of immigrants by native-born people. It
had surfaced during the heavy wave of Irish
immigration in the 1840s and 1850s.
Chinese Exclusion Act 1882
- Barred Chinese immigration for 10 years
- Prevented Chinese immigrants already in the US from becoming citizens.
The Chinese in the United States organized letter-writing campaigns, petitioned the president, and even filed suit in federal court, but the
American Expansion
Imperialism
Economic and political domination of a strong nation over a weaker one.
Why would the anti-Chinese feeling have been more intense on the west coast of the US?
More chinese and japanese immigrants in the western US
"Chinatown
American Expansion
Protectorate
Imperial power allows local leaders to stay in power. The imperial power protects the territory from invasion.
Why does America join the Imperialist club???
1. Commerical / Business interests
2. Military / Strategic interests (Alfred T Mahan)
3. Social Darwinist Theory (hierarchy or race, white man's burden)
4. Religious / Missionary Interests (american missionaries in china)
The United States noticed the exp
Exports and Imports 1865-1900
Both steadily growing; exports exceeding imports
"We are raising more than we can consume... making more than we can use. Therefore, we must find new markets for our produce...
Hawaii
Is an isolated volcanic archipelago in the Central Pacific. U.S. wanted Hawaii for business and so Hawaiian sugar could be sold in the U.S. duty free, Queen Liliuokalani opposed so Sanford B. Dole overthrew her in 1893, William McKinley convinced Congress
Queen Liliuokalani
Queen Liliuokalani was the last reigning monarch of the Kingdom of Hawaii. She took the throne in 1891 following the death of her brother, King Kalakaua. She was a strong voice for native Hawaiians, whose power had been limited by the increasing influence
US Business interests in Hawaii
Hawaii becomes the crossroads of the Pacific
King Kalakaua negotiated a treaty that made Hawaiian sugar cheap to import to the United States.
Sugar planters overthrew Queen Liliuokalani with the help of the U.S. marines.
Sugar tycoon Sanford Dole became p
Hawaiian Annexation Ceremony, 1898
President Cleveland strongly opposed
imperialism. He withdrew the annexation
treaty from the Senate and tried to return
Liliuokalani to power. Hawaii's new leaders
refused to restore the queen and decided to
wait until Cleveland left office. Five years la
Spheres of Influence
A country or area in which another country has power to affect developments although it has no formal authority.
Open Door" Policy
Is a term in foreign affairs initially used to refer to the United States policy established in the late 19th century and the early 20th century, as enunciated in Secretary of State John Hay's Open Door Note, dated September 6, 1899 Message delivered by J
Matthew C. Perry
President
Millard Fillmore decided to force Japan to trade
with the United States. He ordered Commodore
Matthew C. Perry to take a naval expedition
to Japan to negotiate a trade treaty.
Realizing that they could not resist
modern Western technology and we
American Diplomacy in Asia
In 1899 the United States was a major power in Asia, with naval bases all across the Pacific. Operating from those bases, the United States Navy�by then the third-largest navy in the world�could exert American power anywhere in East Asia. The nation's pri
sphere of influence
a foreign nation controlled economic development
such as railroad construction and mining.
The Open Door Policy
Politicians and businessmen in the United
States worried about these events. President
McKinley and Secretary of State John Hay
both supported what they called an Open
Door policy, in which all countries would be
allowed to trade with China.
Boxer rebellion
a Chinese secret organization called the Society of the Righteous and Harmonious Fists led an uprising in northern China against the spread of Western and Japanese influence there.
While foreign countries debated access to
China's market, secret Chinese s
Treaty of Portsmouth
Treaty ended the Russo-Japanese. It forced Japan to drop demands for a cash indemnity and Russian evacuation of Skhalin island, though it received control of Korea. This marked the emergence of a new era of diplomatic negotiations, multi-track diplomacy.
That Splendid Little War
Spanish American War. Lasted only 100 days and the US didn't have a lot of casualties and cost almost nothing and significant gains of territory.
Spanish-American War
A war between Spain and the United States fought in 1898. The war began as an intervention by the United States on behalf of Cuba.
Cuba
Spanish Misrule in Cuba
An Island south of the US that is brutally crushed by Spanish troops. US was concerned, having LOTS of investment in Cuba. Cubans are forced into prison/concentration camps, published in US newspapers and pitied.
Valeriano Weyler's "Reconcentration" Policy
He moved civilians into safe havens but failed to provide for them adequately, so many of them died from starvation and disease. He did this to separate the civilians from the guerillas.
Jose Mart�
Led the fight for Cuba's independence from Spain from 1895 through the Spanish-American War. Spoke against American occupation in Cuba.
Ostend Manifesto
Was a secret document written by American diplomats in 1854 at Ostend, Belgium. The manifesto outlined a plan for the United States Government to acquire the island of Cuba from Spain. Located only 150 miles from Miami Florida, many American expansionalis
Spanish American War
causes
1. Cuban Rebellion against Spain
2. American desire to protect its investment in Cuba (and later in the rest of Latin America)
3. Yellow journalism that intensified public anger at Spain
4. The explosion of the USS Maine
1. Cuban Rebellion
Cubans rebel against Spain.
Spanish oppression of the Cuban people triggered a rebellion that earned the sympathy of many Americans, some of whom began providing arms and money to the rebels.
2. American desire to protect its investment in Cuba (and later in the rest of Latin America)
With $30-50M invested in Cuba (sugar, agricultural, mining, railroads, etc.) and nearly 100M in trade, American business leaders wanted Spain out of Cuba and an end to the rebellion.
3. Yellow Journalism
Journalism that exploits, distorts, or exaggerates the news to create sensations and attract readers
Yellow journalism that intensified public anger at Spain
Dramatic and emotional stories in newspapers owned by Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer described Spanis
Jingoism
aggressive nationalism
In response, Congress authorized McKinley
to spend $50 million for war preparations.
McKinley faced tremendous pressure to go to
war. Within the Republican Party, jingoism�
aggressive nationalism�was very strong. Many
Democrats also
Yellow Journalism example
How long shall Cuban women be
the victims of Spanish outrages
and lie sobbing and bruised in
loathsome prisons?
How long shall women
passengers on vessels flying the
American flag be unlawfully seized,
stripped and searched by brutal,
jeering Spanish offi
William Randolph Hearst
Newspaper editor in New York City who grew competitive and employed yellow journalism in order to entice readers to buy their papers; both men stopped at nothing in order to get a good story, and so were able to deliver shocking stories and exciting anecd
Humanitarian
Concerned with or seeking to promote human welfare.
De Lome letter
This letter, written by the Spanish Ambassador to the United States, Enrique Dupuy de L�me, was re-printed in the New York Journal; it was highly critical of President McKinley and viewed by many as an official Spanish insult against the US.
USS Maine - Reason it was sent to cuba
American citizens threatened by revolution in Cuba.
�Pres. McKinley sent USS Maine to rescue US citizens.
President McKinley sent the battleship Maine to Cuba to help Americans evacuate.
The battleship sent to Havana to protect Americans and their propert
4. USS Maine 1898
Feb 15, 1898 - USS Maine sinks
When the ship exploded, an enraged nation blamed Spain and "Remember the Maine!" became a battle cry for war.
; an explosion sank it; killing 260 men. Newspapers said the ship was blown up by Spain and it became a Ralling ca
Start of war
On April 19, 1898 - Congress proclaimed Cuba
independent, demanded that Spain withdraw
from the island, and authorized the president
to use armed force if necessary. In response, on
April 24, Spain declared war on the United
States. For the first time in
Our first moves in the war
The navy's North Atlantic Squadron
blockaded Cuba, and Commodore George
Dewey, commander of the American naval
squadron based in Hong Kong, was ordered to
attack the Spanish fleet based in the Philippines
Philippines
The Philippines was a Spanish colony, and
American naval planners wanted to prevent
the Spanish fleet based there from sailing east
to attack the United States
Sovereign island country in Southeast Asia situated in the western Pacific Ocean. An armed conf
Spanish-American War: Philippines (May, 1898)
� May 1, 1898 The United States launched a surprise attack in Manila Bay and destroyed Spain's entire Pacific fleet in seven hours.
Commodore Dewey sails from base in Hong Kong and attacks the Spanish fleet in Manilla Bay.
Lopsided victory for the US Navy
Commodore Dewey
Commodore during the Spanish-American War who captured the Philippines and Guam. Followed Roosevelt's order to attack Spanish forces in the Philippines when war was declared; completely destroyed the Spanish fleet stationed at Manila Bay. His victory shed
Manila Bay
This Battle took place on 1 May 1898, during the Spanish-American War. The American Asiatic Squadron under Commodore George Dewey engaged and destroyed the Spanish Pacific Squadron under Admiral Patricio Montojo that marked an end to wooden ships to the m
What is going on with Spain in parallel to Philippine battle?
US soldiers fight new Manila while Emilio Aguinaldo leads a revolt against the Spanish.
Spanish-American War
The Battle for Cuba
Military forces
At the start of the war, the US Army numbers 25K total.
Spanish forces on Cuba number 200K.
To expand its forces, US called up soldiers from local (state) militias and enlisted 180K volunteers.
Rough Riders
First Volunteer Calvary
Among the volunteers for above war.
Under command of Colonels Leonard Wood and Theodore Roosevelt.
Teddy Roosevelt leads the "Rough Riders".
The First United States Volunteer Calvary, a mixture of Ivy League athletes and western fr
Spanish-American War: Cuba
Battle of San Juan Heights - July 1, 1898
San Juan Hill
Teddy R and Rough Riders go into battle
July 3, 1898 - The Spanish fleet tries to flee but is destroyed.
One of the most important battles of the Spanish-American War. Roosevelt and Rough Riders defeated Spain. Placed America at an advantage. Two days lat
Teller Amendment 1898
Act of Congress in 1898 that stated that when the United States had rid Cuba of Spanish rule, Cuba would be granted its freedom. It prevented Cuba from turning hostile towards the U.S
Spanish-American War: Cuba
what ended the war?
Treaty of PAris December, 1898
Spanish-American War: Cuba
Platt Amendment 1903
Although the United States had promised to grant Cuba its independence, President McKinley took steps to ensure that Cuba would remain tied to the United States. He allowed the Cubans to prepare a new constitution for
their country but attached conditions
Spanish-American War: Cuba
Main cause of death
Food poisoning and disease (2,061 deaths)
vs. battle (385 deaths)
Spanish-American War "A Splendid Little War"
Timeline
Feb 15, 1898 - USS Maine sinks
July 1, 1898 - Battle of San Juan Heights
July 3, 1898 - The Spanish fleet tries to flee but is destroyed.
� May 1, 1898 The United States launched a surprise attack in Manila Bay and destroyed Spain's entire Pacific fleet i
What ends to the SPanish-American war?
Treaty of Paris, 1898
Treaty of Paris, 1898
1. Cuba freed from Spanish rule.
2. Spain gave up Puerto Rico and the island of Guam.
3. The US paid Spain $20M for the Philippines.
4. The US becomes and imperial power!!!!!!!!!
�With Spain's defeat their government recognized Cuba's independence.
�Spain
Emilio Aguinaldo
Leader of the Filipino Uprising.
July 4, 1946: Philippine independence
The Philippine- American war, or Philippine Insurrection as it was referred to at the time, lasted for more than three years. Approximately 126,000 American soldiers were sent to the P
4 main areas of US involvement
Cuba
Puerto RIco
Philippines
Hawaii
According to the Treaty of Paris in 1898, which territories were acquired by the US?
The US freed Guam, Puerto Rico, and Cuba.
Puerto Rico
Puerto Rico is a Caribbean island given to the US by Spain as a payment for the cost of the Spanish American War.
Panama Canal
Importance
Strategically important water passage between Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.
- Cuts weeks off of travel time.
a quicker passage to the Pacific from the Atlantic and vice versa.
Why did the US want
to build a canal across
the isthmus of
Panama?
� It would shorten the trip between the East and West
coast of the US.
� It would lower the transportation cost of
manufactured goods.
� It would provide great mobility for our naval fleets.
� It would help us protect our new colonial empire.
� It would i
Panama Canal
Building began in 1904
It cost $400,000,000 to build. Columbians would not let Americans build the canal, but then with the assistance of the United States a Panamanian Revolution occurred. The new ruling people allowed the United States to build the canal.
US obtains control o
How was the US able
to become the sole
country that would
construct and operate
the canal
� By signing treaties with European nations that
guaranteed that the US would be the only country to
build and operate a canal.
How did Colombia
react to the US's
desire to build a
canal?
� Panama was a colony of Colombia.
� The US offered Colombia $10 million plus and
annual rent of $250,000 for the right to build and
operate the canal.
� Colombia rejected this offer in hopes the US would
offer more money.
� This rejection angered Preside
How did the US
secure the right to
build the canal from
Panama?
� President Roosevelt signed a treaty with Panama.
� The US agreed to pay Panama $10 million plus an
annual rent of $250,000.
� In return, the US would retain control of the Canal
Zone and could intervene in Panama to preserve
order.
Yellow Fever
A tropical viral disease affecting the liver and kidneys, causing fever and jaundice and often fatal. It is transmitted by mosquitoes. Caused problem in the construction of the Panama Canal.
Monroe Doctrine
A principle of US policy, originated by President James Monroe in 1823, that any intervention by external powers in the politics of the Americas is a potentially hostile act against the US.
Roosevelt Corollary
Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force
"Chronic wrongdoing.... may, in America, as elsewhere, ultimately requir
How do the Monroe Doctrine and the Roosevelt Corollary relate?
The Monroe Doctrine, proclaimed in 1823, declared the Western Hemisphere off-limits to European nations.
After the Spanish-American War, presidents backed up the Monroe Doctrine with military strength.
In 1904, the Dominican Republic could not pay back Eu
Big Stick" policy
Refers to U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt's foreign policy: "speak softly, and carry a big stick.
1904 political cartoon about T Roosevelt's "big stick" foreign policy as president
How did President
Roosevelt use "the big
stick?
� He openly used the US navy to support Panama's
bid for independence.
� The US navy prevented Colombian troops from
entering Panama.
� Colombia was furious because the US had
intervened in the Panamanian Revolt.
� US paid Colombia $25 million to make the
What is Dollar Diplomacy and how did it impact Latin America?
Latin American nations resented the growing
American influence in the region, but
Roosevelt's successor, William Howard Taft,
continued his policies. Taft placed much less
emphasis on military force and more on helping
Latin American industry. He believed
Dollar Diplomacy"
US timeline
1903-1934
1903 - US supports Panama's independence; work begins on Panama Canal.
1903 - US leases base at Guantanamo, Cuba.
1905 - Dominican Republic - Marines land to enforce tariff collections and debt payments.
1906 - Nicaragua - US troops intervene to
Dollar Diplomacy
Term used to describe the efforts of the US to further its foreign policy through use of economic power by guaranteeing loans to foreign countries. Used by President Taft.
Woodrow Wilson's Diplomacy in Mexico
The Mexican Revolution
For more than 30 years, Porfirio D�az ruled
Mexico as a dictator. During his reign, Mexico
became much more industrialized, but foreign
investors owned and financed the new railroads
and factories that were built. Most
Mexican citizens remained poor and l
Wilson Sends Troops Into Mexico
In April 1914, American sailors visiting the city of Tampico
were arrested after entering a restricted area. Although they were
quickly released, their American commander demanded an apology.
The Mexicans refused. Wilson saw the refusal as an opportunity
Watchful Waiting
Refers to Wilson waiting to see which faction of Mexico would eventually take over; a phrase used by him in a State of the Union Address.
Woodrow Wilson's Diplomacy in Mexico
Results?
Although the president expected the Mexican people to welcome
his action, anti-American riots broke out. Wilson then
accepted international mediation to settle the dispute. Venustiano
Carranza, whose forces had acquired arms from the United States,
became
US Expansionism
Causes
Economic - Desire for new markets and raw materials.
Military - Desire for naval bases and coaling stations.
Ideological - Desire to bring Christianity, western-style culture, and democracy to other people.
US Expansionism
Events
Annexed Hawaii, the Philippines, and Puerto Rico
Intervened in Latin America and Mexico
Exerted influence in China and Japan
Made Cuba a protectorate
Result => US becomes a world power.
Imperialism
A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.
Anglo-Saxonism
Englishspeaking
nations had superior character, ideas,
and systems of government.
Alfred Thayer Mahan
Wrote The Influence of Sea Power upon History, which argued that control of the sea was the key to world dominance; it stimulated the naval race among the great powers. Which describe "the most important American strategist of the nineteenth century.
White Man's Burden
A phrase used to justify European imperialism in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries; it is the title of a poem by Rudyard Kipling.
American Anti-Imperialist League
Founded 1899
Mark Twain, Andrew Carnegie, William Jennings Bryan among the leaders.
Campaigned against the annexation of the Philippines and other acts of imperialism.
"Has the country I made free come to this? Bryan will save it"
Objected to the annexati
Mark Twain
He was America's most popular author, but also renowned platform lecturer. He lived from 1835 to 1910. Used "romantic" type literature with comedy to entertain his audiences. In 1873 along with the help of Charles Dudley Warner he wrote The Gilded Age. Th
Causes of American Imperialism
1. US wanted new markets for its products, particularly its manufactured goods.
2. Many Americans believed it was the destiny of the US to spread its power and civilization to other parts of the world.
3. American leaders believed that having a powerful n
Effects of the
Spanish-American War
� Cuba offi cially became an independent nation, although
the United States claimed control over its foreign
relations and exerted infl uence over internal politics.
� The United States acquired Puerto Rico, Guam, and the
Philippines.
� Americans debated
The United States Acts As a
World Power
� The United States used diplomatic means to establish the
Open Door policy in China.
� President Theodore Roosevelt negotiated a peace agreement
between Russia and Japan.
� The United States completed construction of the Panama
Canal.
� The United States
1. Why did America join the imperialist club at the end of the 19c?
...
2. Describe the overthrow of the queen of Hawaii. What did the U.S. have to do with this? What ultimately happened to Hawaii?
...
3. What was happening in Cuba?
...
4. Who were William Randolf Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer?
Explain yellow journalism. Describe jingoism.
...
5. What happened to the Maine?
...
6. Detail the occurrences of The Spanish American War. Make sure to include happenings in Cuba and the Philippines.
...
7. What were the details of Cuban independence?
...
8. Give the details of the building of the Panama Canal.
...
9. What was the Roosevelt Corollary?
...
Trend in Immigration shift
...
Chinese Exclusion Act
...
Labor Unions
What were they? Purpose?
...
Samuel Gompers
AFL leader american federation of labor
Pullman Strike
...
Battle of Little Big Horn
George Armstrong Custer was sent to force the Sioux, Cheyenne and Arapaho back to their reservations.
He was in command of the 7th Calvary.
He was heavily outnumbered and trapped.
Custer & all of his men died. "Custer's Last Stand"
"Custer's Last Stand" o
Ghost Dance
Effect of it?
ritual that celebrated a hopedfor day of reckoning when settlers would disappear, the buffalo would return, and Native Americans would reunite with their dead ancestors.
Federal authorities had banned the ceremony
fearing it would lead to violence.
Paiute
Muckrakers
...
Recall
Initiative
Referendum
...
Triangle Shirtwaist Tragedy
Fire broke out on the top floors of the triangle shirtwaist company. Women struggled to escaped due to locked doors. 150 out of 500 employees lost their lives. It was a non union shop. As a result they created a factory investigating commission. Between 1
Impact of The Jungle
...
Hull House
...
Plessy v Ferguson
...
Booker T Washington
...
WEB DuBois
...
Progressive Movement
Purpose?
...
Alfred T Mahan
...
USS Maine
...
Yellow Journalism
...
Teddy Roosevelt
President
Led reforms in the conservation movement
helped develop the National Wildlife Refuge System
Platt Amendment
...
Teller Amendment
...
Annexation of Hawaii
...
Panama Canal
...
Roosevelt Corollary
...
Triangular Trade
a network of trade routes that crossed the Atlantic going from the Americas to England and then to Africa. It was the first global trading economy as we would recognize it today.
a multilateral system of trading in which a country pays for its imports fro
Influence of Declaration of Independence
Written by Thomas Jefferson
Beginning of American Revolution.
Writings by John Locke influenced Jefferson
All people have certain "natural rights"
If gov't failed to protect or violated rights, the people have the right to overthrow gov't
Preamble (why do
Causes of War of 1812
Mr. Madison's War,"
the second major clash between
the United States and Britain in North America.
Although neither side won a clear victory, the war gave
Americans a strong sense of national pride
Madison asks congress to go to war against Britain becau
Battle of Vicksburg
fighting over the control of the Mississippi River. The Union wins the battle and cuts off all the forces to the west of the river. This isolated the South and they could not get supplies and (men) support from Texas and LA.
General Grant captured Vicksbu
F Douglass & W L Garrison
William Lloyd Garrison
Abolitionist
publisher of the The Liberator, first appeared in 1831 and sent shock waves across the entire country
He argued about gradual emancipation and said that there needed to be an immediate end to slavery at once
He supporte
_______ was a philosophy that believed wealthy Americans
bore the responsibility of using their fortunes to further social progress.
Gospel of Wealth
Social Darwinism was the
application of survival of the fittest
to society. Realism was an
artistic movement. Individualism
was a philosophy that prized success
by individual effort. The
Gospel of Wealth was coined by
Andrew Carnegie. He
Immigrant children became knowledgeable about American culture at public schools�a process known as _________________
Americanization.
means the process
of making someone
American.
The rapid increase in the money supply without an increase in the amount of goods for sale caused _______ , or the decline in the value of money.
inflation
The _______ was an informal political group that provided
city services in return for votes and political power.
political machine
Party bosses, such as the
infamous Boss Tweed in New York,
"ran" political machines. The
Populists grew out of the Grange
movement, and both are associated
with democratic ideals, not
corruption
The _______ was one method of segregation used in the
South after the Civil War.
poll tax
In the late nineteenth century, many labor unions opposed
immigration, arguing that immigrants _________________
would accept jobs as strikebreakers
What was the major reason for Chinese immigration to the
United States in the early nineteenth century?
Many Chinese were escaping severe unemployment and
famine.
Working class individuals residing in cities usually lived in __________________
tenements.
A tenement was a multifamily apartment.
Immigrants were poor,
so they would not live in the fashionable district
downtown; they lived in the inner city. The
term inner city is still used today to describe
economically depressed urban areas. Ten
Who was the leader of Tammany Hall during the 1860s and
1870s?
William Tweed
William "Boss" Tweed led Tammany Hall.
Thomas Nast was a cartoonist who opposed
political machines. James Pendergast ran a
huge political machine in Kansas City, MO.
Thomas was his brother.
The nineteenth-century philosophy of Social Darwinism
maintained that _________________
economic success comes to those who are the hardest
working and most competent.
The Interstate Commerce Act (1887) was designed to
regulate interstate commerce by requiring _________________
the federal government to regulate railroad rates.
The federal government
began regulating the railroads
due to the type of problems
described in the first three answer
choices.
Populists supported federal ownership of railroads because
they thought the government would _________________
manage the railroads in the public interest.
The Populist Party was
closely tied to economic goals
and principles
The ruling from Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) was based on the
Supreme Court's interpretation of the _________________
equal protection clause in the Fourteenth Amendment
Plessy v. Ferguson established
the concept of "separate
but equal" facilities for whites and
African Americans. This concept
was based on the Fourteenth
Amendment.
In 1890 the Populists formed the People's Party and
supported ____________________
the subtreasury plan where farmers could store crops
in warehouses to force prices up.
Which concept is associated with the
Gospel of Wealth?
philanthropy
Philanthropy was associated with the
Gospel of Wealth, but not with survival of the
fittest�a central Social Darwinist theory.
Unregulated competition is a feature of
laissez-faire.
The "new immigrants" to the United States between 1890
and 1915 came primarily from _________________
southern and eastern Europe.
The major European powers each had a(n)______________ in
China.
sphere of influence
A sphere of influence was an
area in China in which a foreign
nation controlled economic development.
These spheres were held
by the major European powers,
and worried the U.S. A protectorate
was a territory that maintained
local ruler
Taft's policies in Latin America were called _________________
dollar diplomacy
Taft's policies in Latin America
were a form of economic imperialism.
This allowed the U.S. to control
events without creating protectorates
or colonies. These economic
policies were called dollar diplomacy.
They may have been economicall
Congress's authorization of $50 million for war preparation
after the destruction of the U.S.S. Maine was an example of ___________________
jingoism.
defined as
extreme nationalism marked by
aggressive foreign policy.
Support for the war against Spain came in part from the
practiced by some newspapers
yellow journalism
Yellow journalism was sensationalist
reporting, which often
used exaggeration and untruths to
provoke an emotional response.
The response provoked helped
rally Americans to support a war
against Spain.
Local rulers are permitted to retain some power in a ________________
protectorate.
In a protectorate, a
nation allows another nation to
influence its policies in exchange
for protection.
Reviewing Main
Which of the following was a major contributor to the growth of American imperialism in the late 1800s?
A curiosity about other cultures
B need for spices from the East Indies
C the end of the Civil War
D desire for new markets for American goods
D desire for new markets for American goods
The Industrial Revolution led
to a massive increase in manufacturing.
Leaders soon realized that
more money could be made if there
were expanded markets for goods.
Remind students who are distracted
by choice B
What effect did Commodore Matthew C. Perry have on
Japan?
A Japan began building an army.
B Japan began to westernize.
C Japan ended its trade with China.
D Japan refused to negotiate with the United States.
B Japan began to westernize.
Commodore Matthew Perry's visit to
Japan caused Japan to modernize, because
Japan realized the need to compete with
Western technology. Therefore, Japan began to
Westernize. This led to cooperation between
the two nations. How
A major goal of the Pan-American conference in 1889 was to _________________
A create a customs union for nations in the Americas.
B end trade with the nations of Europe.
C free Cuba from Spanish control.
D decide on a route for a canal through Central Am
A create a customs union for nations in the Americas.
This is a good opportunity to discuss
pan as a prefix from the Greek that means "all."
Although the Pan-American conference did not
include Canada, this information should help
students remember that o
The effect of yellow journalism on the Cuban rebellion was ________________
A unimportant to people in the United States.
B helpful in changing McKinley's mind about going to war
with Spain.
C critical to raising public support for war against Spain.
D ha
C critical to raising public support for war against Spain
The fact that journalism is intended to
reach the masses should help students figure
out this answer. Increased public support for
the war was a direct consequence of yellow
journalism.
Spanish resistance in Cuba ended with the surrender of ______________
Santiago.
San Juan Hill and Kettle
Hill were both captured by the
U.S. in battle, but this happened
before the surrender. Guam is
a different island from Cuba. It
may be helpful to have students
create a time line of events of
the war.
What effect did the Platt Amendment have on Cuba?
It made Cuba a virtual protectorate of the United States.
The purpose of the Open Door policy in China was to ___________________
A end the Boxer Rebellion.
B gain leaseholds.
C establish spheres of influence.
D ensure trading rights for all nations.
D ensure trading rights for all nations.
To remember that the Open
Door Policy ensured trading rights
for all nations, students should
think of an open door as allowing
everything through. Leaseholds
were what created spheres of
influence. However, sphere
What was the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine?
A It provided for the purchase of land to build a canal
across Panama.
B It warned the nations of Europe not to impose high
tariffs on goods from the Americas.
C It stated that the United States wou
C It stated that the United States would intervene in Latin
American affairs as needed for political and economic
stability.
The Monroe Doctrine
informed Europe that the Americas
were no longer open to European
colonization. If students remember
this, it
Which of the following became a U.S. possession before the
Spanish-American War?
A Wake Island
B Howland Island
C American Samoa
D Guam
B Howland Island
The U.S. acquired Howland Island
in 1857.
Which U.S. possession are the Philippines nearest to?
A Alaska
B Hawaii
C Midway Islands
D Guam
D Guam
Guam is clearly the
closest to the Philippines. Midway is the next
closest but is between Guam and Hawaii
The "big stick" policy and dollar diplomacy were
attempts to
A increase the United States's power in Latin America.
B contain the spread of communism in eastern Europe.
C protect free trade on the Asian continent.
D strengthen political ties with Western
A increase the United States's power in Latin America.
It is important that students understand
the motivations behind the "big stick" policy
and dollar diplomacy and can relate them to
Latin America. The United States practiced economic
imperialism in La
The sugarcane planters in Hawaii revolted against Queen
Liliuokalani because
A she taxed the sugarcane plantations too heavily.
B she wanted a constitution that returned her to power as
the ruler of Hawaii.
C they wanted to overturn the McKinley Tariff.
D
B she wanted a constitution that returned her to power as
the ruler of Hawaii.
The sugarcane planters in Hawaii were
not native Hawaiians; they were American businessmen.
Therefore, their best interest would
be served if Hawaii were part of the United
Sta