Which of the following categories in the population was more like to support the Volstead Act (passed in 1919), which imposed a national prohibition on the sale of alcohol?
Anglo-Saxons (versus persons whose ancestry stemmed from eastern and southern Europe)
Since 2000, the use of the club drugs (Ecstasy, ketamine, Rohypnol, and GHB):
has decreased
The psychoactive substance with the highest "loyalty" rate and the only drug that a majority of at-least one-time users have taken during the past month is:
alcohol
The illicit drug of choice during the 1960s (the "psychedelic" era) was:
marijuana
Surveys indicate that:
legal drug use (alcohol and the nicotine in tobacco) is higher than illegal drug use
The effect caused by smoking crack cocaine in the 1980s that the media most emphasized was:
becoming addicted or dependent on the drug
The following development did not take place in the nineteenth-century:
the discovery of the addicting properties of opiates
Psychopharmacologists classify OxyContin as a/n:
analgesic
Sedative/hypnotics are also called:
general depressants
Drug "effects":
are nonspecific and variable
The year that drug use was most frequently in the news was:
1986
The drug that is consumed the greatest number of times in the U.S. is:
the nicotine in tobacco
On a dose-for-dose basis, which of the following drugs causes the greatest amount of harm, including death by overdose?
heroin
Of the following, the drug that is taken the most sporadically, on a once-in-a-while basis, that is, has the lowest "loyalty" rate is:
LSD
Researchers estimate that illicit drug use in the U.S. peaks at which of the following age brackets:
18-20
Psychedelics are also called:
hallucinogens
The British waged two "opium wars" against China in order to:
legalize and continue the opium trade in China
The illicit drug of choice during the 1980s (the so-called "me" or "greed" decade) was:
marijuana
Which of the following media assertions about the use of crack cocaine in the 1980s was later verified by scientific research?
none of the above
Which of the following media assertions about the use of crack cocaine in the 1980s was later verified by scientific research?
none of the above
The author emphasizes that charges of media bias are commonly lodged by observers with particular approaches or perspectives. Which of the following is the author regarding as bias with respect to the media reporting the drug story? The extent to which th
accurately reflect the evidence gathered and the conclusions reached by scientists.
Drugs can be classified according to their legal status, and whether they are used instrumentally versus recreationally. An adult drinking alcohol to feel pleasant is an example of:
legal recreational use
Compared with 30 years ago, the potency of the heroin now available on the street:
is greater
An example of a "chronic" effect of a drug would be:
cirrhosis of the liver
Psychopharmacologists classify narcotics as a type of:
analgesic
The Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906:
addressed false claims about the contents of patent medicines on the product's label
According to records, researchers estimate that alcohol consumption was greatest in which of the following historical eras?
the early 1800s
Taking Ambien via prescription to get to sleep is an example of:
illegal recreational use
Which of the following was the most common ingredient in a number of 19th century soft drinks?
cocaine
Which of the following drugs or drug types represent the most chemically miscellaneous group of substances?
club drugs
During national alcohol Prohibition (1920-1933), alcohol consumption in the United States:
decreased
Which of the following assertions about methamphetamine, as reported by the media in the late 1980s, turned out to be true? The use of meth:
none of the above
Which of the following drugs is most reinforcing, that is, the one that laboratory animals will work hardest to receive?
cocaine
Humans began using mind-altering substances:
during prehistoric times tens of thousands of years ago
Pharmacologically, a drug "action" takes place at the:
molecular level
Between 1986 and 1989, the percentage of the American public naming drug abuse as the nation's most serious problem:
increased
Which of the following is cross-tolerant with heroin?
morphine
During the course of the 1980s�that is, from 1980 to the end of 1989�the number of prisoners incarcerated in state penal institutions:
increased
The size or the gap between ED and LD for a given drug is referred to as the:
safety or therapeutic margin
Sociologists refer to an episode during which the public or the media express concern or fear from a given agent or threat that is exaggerated, out of proportion to, and less serious than, its objective danger or potential damage:
a moral panic
Researchers have compared the tonnage of heroin and cocaine consumed in the U.S. and concluded that:
more cocaine is used than heroin
The use and abuse of the artificial narcotics (such as fentanyl and oxycodone) is most likely to:
be concentrated in the inner cities.
Researchers did not conduct surveys of drug use during the 1960s, but today, they feel that they have a fairly accurate idea of use during that decade because they draw inferences from:
retrospective estimates based on a survey conducted in the 1970s
In the United States, during the past half-dozen years, the abusive use of cocaine:
has decreased
The harm that the media attributed marijuana with causing during the 1930s was that use of the drug would cause the user to:
become insane and violent, and commit rape and murder
Sensationalistic stories of drug harm erupted for different drugs at different times. For these stories, match up the decade with the drug during which these stories most typically erupted.
methamphetamine in the late 1980s to the 2000s
Recent increases in overall drug use in the United States have taken place mainly in the consumption of which of the following drugs:
methamphetamine
Media stories on the use of PCP in the 1970s tended to emphasize that the use of the drug would cause the user to:
have psychotic episodes and engage in self-destructive behavior.
The year the American public most strongly believed that drug abuse was the nation's number one problem was:
1989
The substance that causes the greatest total harm with respect to death and disease is:
tobacco
The Controlled Substances Act of 1970 was originally designed to:
address drug research, rehabilitation
Taking an amphetamine, without prescription, to cram all night for a final exam is an example of:
illegal instrumental use
The earliest legislation designed to reduce or eliminate a substance that is currently illegal was aimed at:
opium
The history of drug use may be divided into the natural era, the transformative era, and the synthetic era. Which of the following drugs was produced and first consumed during its natural era?
opium
This chapter classified Ecstasy as belonging to which of the following categories:
none of the above
The principal chemical that causes the psychoactive effect of marijuana is:
THC
Historians estimate that the number of narcotic addicts in the U.S. prior to 1914 was about:
300,000
Which of the following drugs was included in the Harrison Act yet was not a narcotic or opiate?
cocaine
Current alcohol consumption in the United States is at:
a fairly low point compared with most other periods of history
Which of the following theories best explains media bias on the drug story? The:
All of the above theories contribute concepts that help to understand media bias on the drug story
During the course of the nineteenth century�that is, from the early 1800s to the late 1800s�the rate of narcotic addiction in the United States:
increased
Taking LSD to get high is an example of:
illegal recreational use
The legal drug use that is consumed recreationally by more people in the U.S. than any other substance is:
alcohol
This chapter is based mainly on which of the following sources of news media:
print sources, mainly newspapers and magazines
Which of the following illustrates a constructionist definition of or approach to what a drug is? A drug is defined by a substance's:
illegal or illicit status�the fact that its possession and sale are against the law
During the 1920s and 1930s, in the years following the Supreme Court ruling on the Harrison Act (1914), which was rendered in 1919, the number of addicts who were arrested on drug charges:
increased
Which of the following drugs was produced and first consumed during its transformative era?
heroin
A Schedule I drug is one that the government defines as having:
no medical utility and a high potential for abuse
Which of the following drugs is cross-dependent with Seconal, a barbiturate?
alcohol
The Marihuana Tax Act of 1937:
effective banned all possession and sale of marijuana products
According to surveys, the use of LSD among American high school students peaked in the:
1990s
Which of the following theories is most likely to be influenced by the cardinal rule, verify a story with two or more sources? The:
professional subculture theory
The National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) does not include which of the following categories of the population in its sample:
prisoners
The potential for drug dependence is most closely related to:
reinforcement, or immediate sensual appeal
Chronic, abusive cocaine and heroin use is most likely to:
be concentrated the inner cities.
The relationship between the sale of alcohol in a given location and the likelihood that residents living in that location will be hospitalized for assault is:
positive
Between 1963 and today, the per capita consumption of cigarettes in the U.S. population (age 18 and older):
has decreased
Which of the following theories hold that deviant, criminal, and delinquent behavior (such as drug abuse) are simply "doing what comes naturally" and do not require an explanation; what needs explaining is why people do not deviate from society's norms, r
social control and self-control theories
Ethyl alcohol or ethanol is:
100 percent "absolute" alcohol
The change that took place in Question 14 was due to:
an increase in the administration of anti-psychotic drugs
Which of the following drugs or drug types was widely prescribed in the late sixties and early seventies but by the eighties was no longer prescribed at all?
methaqualone, such as Qu??lude
The tobacco plant is indigenous to which of the following continents or regions:
the Western Hemisphere
Why should people conform? After all, it's so much more fun and rewarding to deviate from society's norms and laws?" An advocate of which of the following theories would agree most strongly with this statement?
control theory
When we look at drug harms�drugs that are associated with untoward, harmful effects such as hospital admissions and deaths by overdose�which of the following is on a list of the "big four" substances, those that rank high on both lists?
cocaine
Metabolic imbalance theory most commonly attempts to account for one particular type of drug use:
alcoholism
During the past 30 years or so, the number of years of potential life lost (YPLL) as a result of alcohol-related highway fatalities:
has decreased
When drug test results were compared with self-reports on surveys of drug use, researchers found that:
positive testees were more likely to self-report drug use than negative testees.
Which of the following statements is true? Eating ice cream and rates of rape in an area are:
statistically correlated but not causally related
Which of the following has the highest concentration of "absolute" alcohol?
distilled spirits (such as gin, vodka, Tequila, or Scotch)
Which of the following theories of deviance, crime, delinquency, and drug abuse bills itself as the "general theory of crime"?
self-control theory
The national household survey found that during the last decade, virtually all of the increase in drug use in the population that took place was with one drug alone:
marijuana
In the past 30 years or so, the number of automobile alcohol-related fatalities:
has decreased
An example of an inferential statistic is the following statement:
none of the above
MTF collects data in:
school classrooms
Since the year that the sale of alcohol to persons under the age of 21 was made illegal in all states (1988), alcohol consumption by persons under the age of 21:
has decreased
Which of the following prescription drugs combats dysphoria?
antidepressants
Most sociological researchers conclude about illicit, illegal, unconventional behavior such as drug use that:
the researcher is likely to receive somewhat inaccurate answers in a survey, but they are approximately or relatively correct, and triangulation helps correct that
Which of the following pharmaceutical drugs or drug types are frequently prescribed for mood disorders?
antidepressants
According to the discussion in the text, most researchers feel that:
sampling is typically an even more important problem than lying
Between 1955 and today, the number of patients in mental hospitals:
decreased
Which of the following data sources is drawn from records of untoward drug effects, both fatal and non-fatal?
DAWN
Which of the following data sources is drawn preponderantly or exclusively from surveys of 8th, 10th, and 12th graders, as well as college students and non-college adults?
MTF
Which of the following data sources results from drug-testing and interviewing a sample of arrestees?
ADAM-II
Which of the following prescription drugs are not addicting or habit-forming:
the antipsychotics
The relationship between alcohol consumption and being the victim of criminal, violent behavior is:
positive
Apparent" alcohol consumption is based on:
Alcohol sales during a given year.
Which of the following theories emphasizes inadequate parenting as the major explanation for deviance, crime, delinquency, and drug abuse?
self-control theory
The relationship between a driver's BAC (blood-alcohol concentration) and getting into an accident that kills someone is:
positive
Which of the following prescription drugs does not produce a high, intoxication, or euphoric state?
antipsychotics
According to the text, which of the following data sources on drugs is so seriously flawed as to be completely worthless to researchers?
none of the above data sources is so seriously flawed as to be completely worthless to researchers
The alcohol studies, the rule of equivalency is the principle that:
people are influenced equally by a given quantity of an alcoholic beverage�whether it is distilled spirits, wine, or beer
The death toll�the total number of people who die as a result of a cause related to the use of the substance�is greatest for which of the following:
cigarettes
Inferential" statistics:
measure cause-and-effect relationships among two or more variables or factors in qualitative terms
Which of the following drugs or drug categories is no longer prescribed at all?
methaqualone
Which of the following prescription drugs or drug types very rarely result in a lethal overdose, that is, are not on DAWN's list of top five ME drugs?
antipsychotics
Hundreds of years ago, the dominant or most popular explanation of wrongdoing or untoward behavior was:
demonology�possession by the devil or evil spirits
Most researchers who conduct surveys:
none of the above
Anomie theory regards the drug addict as a:
double failure
The relationship between smoking and premature mortality is:
positive�the greater a person smokes, the greater the likelihood that he or she will die prematurely
Which of the following is a "kinds of people" theory:
biological theories
In the past 30 years or so, the percent of all automobile fatalities that were alcohol-related:
has decreased
According to social control theory, what is one of the major causes of illicit drug use?
the absence of a stake in conformity to the norms of conventional society
In the 1960s, the barbiturates were a widely-prescribed sedative-hypnotic; today, they are much less commonly prescribed. Why?
they have harmful side effects
Which of the following theories emphasizes a disjunction between means and ends as the major explanation for deviance, crime, delinquency, and drug abuse?
anomie theory
Which of the following theories emphasizes the deteriorated conditions of the community or neighborhood as major the explanation for deviance, crime, delinquency, and drug abuse?
social disorganization theory
Which of the following theories emphasizes deviant socialization as the major explanation for deviance, crime, delinquency, and drug abuse?
anomie theory
Which of the following prescription drugs or drug types is synergistic with alcohol?
barbiturates
Non-psychoactive prescription drug types include the:
none of the above; all are psychoactive
The correlation between drinking alcohol and illicit drug use is:
positive�drinkers are more likely to use illicit drugs than nondrinkers
In the United States over the past four decades, income inequality�according to some theories, a major factor associated with deviance, crime, and drug abuse�has:
increased
ADAM-II indicates that the use of one of the following drug in its samples is highly regionalized?
methamphetamine
Conflict theory emphasizes which of the following factors in explaining deviance, crime, delinquency, and drug abuse?
differences in power among socioeconomic strata
The two top prescription drugs in the U.S. (in terms of number of prescriptions written) are:
narcotics
Routine activities theory emphasizes a motivated offender, a suitable target, and:
the absence of a capable guardian
The relationship between smoking cigarettes and the use of illicit drugs is:
positive
Sedative-hypnotic drugs include:
barbiturates
The drug or drug type that is most likely to be associated with the number of drug-related deaths is:
opiates
Which of the following drugs or drug categories of prescription drugs is rarely if ever used as a recreational drug?
antipsychotics
Which of the following sociological theories of deviance�and hence, illicit drug use, abuse�has been disconfirmed, that is, evidence has demonstrated more or less conclusively and definitively that it is false?
none of the above; all explain at least some part of the drug use/abuse picture
For the most part, this chapter does not discuss the use of substances that are not psychoactive. About what proportion of prescription drugs are psychoactive?
a minority, though a substantial minority�roughly one out of five, or 20 percent
In a psychopharmacological sense:
all drinkers of alcohol are drug users
The drug of choice among�the drug most likely to be used by�arrestees is:
marijuana
Anomie argues that drug dealers and sellers make use of the following adaptation to society's means to achieve the goal or success:
innovation
The effects of which of the following drugs is synergistic with the barbiturates?
alcohol
Statistically speaking, the setting in which alcohol-impairment injury is most likely to take place is a:
bar
The relationship between alcohol consumption and engaging in risky, deviant behavior is:
positive
In the social sciences, a theory is:
a reasoned, empirically-based explanation for a set of events or condition
If it were a prescription drug, which of the following categories would alcohol fall into?
sedative-hypnotic-tranquilizers
Some drugs work mainly on the mind (the so called "mind" drugs) while others work mainly on the body ("body" drugs). Which of the following is mainly a "body" drug:
Lipitor, a lipid regulator
Anomie theory argues that drug addicts use the following adaptation to society's means to achieve the goal of success?
innovation
The first LSD "trip" took place in:
the 1940s
Soporific" refers to the capacity to:
kill pain
Since the late 1980s, according to the Monitoring the Future survey, the use of crack has:
decreased
Which of the following is not a narcotic drug?
All are narcotic drugs.
The high or intoxication resulting from smoking crack cocaine is:
shorter and more intense than from snorting powder cocaine
Which of the following is not considered one of the common effects of the hallucinogenic or psychedelic drugs?
psychotic episodes
From the early 1970s to today, the number of prescriptions written for the amphetamines has:
decreased
From interviews of arrestees, sociologists have discovered that among criminals born after 1970, the percentage who said that they had used crack cocaine has:
decreased
In the 1990s, several media sources reported that a new heroin "epidemic" had gripped the United States. Toward the end of the first decade of the 2000s, that "epidemic" had:
subsided
The most efficient and effective route of administration of marijuana is:
smoking it
Which of the following is used by a greater number of people�heroin versus all of the other narcotics added together?
All the other narcotics added together.
Which of the following statements is true? The amphetamines and methamphetamine are in the "top five" drugs with respect to:
neither ED episodes but not ME reports
The discussion in this chapter summarizing a study on the administration of marijuana to airline pilots, followed by submitting them to coordination tests 1, 4, 10, and 24 hours after the administration of marijuana found that the deteriorating effects of
none of the above; the effects of the administration of the marijuana continued to deteriorate the pilots' coordination, even after 24 hours
In what region of the country is methamphetamine most likely to be used?
the West Coast states of CA, OR, and WA
According to DAWN, currently, the drug that causes the greatest number of death by overdose, in absolute numbers, is:
opiates
Which of the following painkillers or analgesics are not narcotics?
Ibuprofen
After 2000, the rate of use of the club drugs:
decreased
Psychopharmacologists classify Ecstasy (MDMA) in terms of its effects as a:
none of the above
Punding" is a common effect of taking amphetamines chronically and abusively. What is punding?
engaging in a specific activity compulsively and repetitively, over and over again
Compared with most of the other drugs, the margin between the ED and LD for narcotics is:
narrow
Shen Nung
was a mythological figure who was neither an actual Chinese emperor nor did he write a pharmaceutical treatise which included marijuana as a curative herb
Why did a well-known pharmacologist refer to the recreational use of cocaine, crack cocaine, amphetamine, and methamphetamine as "the wild addictions"? Because, in comparison with all the other psychoactive substances, they:
are the most reinforcing, generate the greatest immediate sensual appeal, and produce the most powerful psychological dependence
Evidence from ADAM-II indicates that the use of methamphetamine:
is largely regionalized to the West coast
The heroin that is derived from poppies grown in Afghanistan is shipped mainly to:
Europe, China, Russia, and Africa
Late in the nineteenth-century, Sigmund Freud, the "father" of psychoanalysis, wrote about and abused which of the following drugs?
cocaine
Between the 1990s and the year 2000, the use of the club drugs:
increased
Which of the following explanations for the "progression" of users from the use of marijuana to the use of more dangerous drugs focuses on properties inherent within the drug that cause this phenomenon? The:
pharmacological school
Stimulants:
speed up signals passing through the central nervous system (CNS)
A study compared "controlled" opiate users with narcotic addicts and found that the former differed from the latter in:
frequency of use�that is, less than once a day versus more than once a day
Robert Louis Stevenson wrote Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde under the influence of which of the following drugs?
cocaine
Another term for "ice" is:
methamphetamine
From interviews of arrestees, sociologists have discovered that among criminals born after 1953, the percentage who said that they had used heroin has:
decreased
Evidence suggests that currently, the majority of heroin used on the street in the U.S. originate from:
Mexico
Which of the following drugs this text not include in the category of hallucinogenic/psychedelic drugs?
PCP
According to MTF, most high school seniors believe that the regular use of heroin is:
harmful
The drugs and drug types that are discussed in this chapter are included together because:
they tend to be used recreationally by more-or-less middle class persons
Which of the following is not a narcotic drug?
methedrine
Which of the following countries are the origin of the plant from whose leaves cocaine is extracted?
Peru, Bolivia, and Colombia
No authors of texts on drug use have included marijuana in which of the following categories:
Some writers have included marijuana as belonging in each of these categories
The peak popularity of cocaine�when it was used most, according to surveys�for young adults and college students, was during:
the late seventies to the mid-eighties
The social characteristic that correlates most strongly with the use of marijuana is:
age
Currently, the "drug of choice" among arrestees in the ADAM-II program (that is, the one that the highest number and percentage that both said that they had used and tested positive for) is:
marijuana
The use of club drugs is:
none of the above
Of all the well-known drugs, evidence suggests, which of the following ranks dead last with respect to the percentage of the U.S. population who uses it?
heroin
Is cocaine addicting?
the answer to the question depends on what one means by the term, "addicting
Overall, the most effective and efficient analgesics are:
the narcotics
Which of the following explanations for the "progression" of users from the use of marijuana to the use of more dangerous drugs focuses on properties inherent within the drug that cause this phenomenon? The:
pharmacological school
During the past decade or so, the use of methamphetamine has:
decreased
The "era" during which marijuana's psychoactive effects were discovered and when it began to be used is:
the "natural" era
Together, the OTC painkillers aspirin, acetaminophen (Tylenol), and ibuprofen cause:
tens of thousands of DAWN ED episodes
Psychopharmacologists classify ketamine as a:
disassociative anesthetic
Which of the following effects is not an effect of the relevant or appropriate dose or doses of narcotic drugs?
all are effects of the narcotics, given the relevant dose or doses
The most principal psychoactive chemical in marijuana is:
THC
For which of the following uses do many physicians today most frequently write legitimate prescriptions for amphetamine?
narcolepsy
The evidence indicating that the human use of MDMA (Ecstasy) damages:
any organ of the body is inconclusive.
On a dose-by-dose basis, which of the following drugs is most likely to cause death by overdose and hence, appear in DAWN's ME figures?
heroin
Compare expert opinion on the dangerousness of cocaine use over the past generation, or the past 30 years or so.
In the past, experts tended to underplay the dangerousness of cocaine use; today, they tend to exaggerate it.
Cocaine is a:
Schedule II drug
Research has demonstrated that the use of LSD commonly causes:
sensory overload
According to the thinking of contemporary economists
Some crime is economically productive, while some is not, some may be negative in its economic impact
Under federal law, marijuana
is a Schedule I drug and may not be used for any purposes whatsoever (except extremely rarely granted experimental purposes)
The harm reduction strategy relies on the logic of
relative deterrence
In the early 1970s, which country accounted for the majority of the botanical source of the heroin used by addicts in the United States
Turkey
Most of the methamphetamine consumed in the U.S. had its origin in
Mexico
Which of the following groups of drugs that appear in DAWN's overdose statistics also makes a substantial contribution to the drugs-crime nexus
alcohol, cocaine, and heroin
Which of the following corresponds most closely to the "mixed" model of illicit drug manufacture and sale
heroin
In order for drug use to take place, the predisposition to use a given drug is
a necessary but not a sufficient condition
For which of the following drugs is the market and distribution pattern most decentralized
marijuana
In order for drug use to take place, the availability of a given drug is
a necessary but not a sufficient condition
The use of certain drugs is more "criminogenic" than that of others, that is, it is more closely related to criminal behavior. Which of the following are the "big three" drugs with respect to the relationship between using psychoactive substances and comm
alcohol, cocaine, and narcotics
During the past two decades, the purity of cocaine sold on the street in the U.S.
has increased
Today, the majority of the illicit drugs brought into the United States from other countries originate from which of the following regions
Latin America
A policy of harm reduction is
a pragmatical or consequentialist-driven proposal.
The relationship between committing a crime and being a victim of a crime is
positive
According to the text, the countries with the highest rates of criminal homicide are those with
the most deeply entrenched and contentious drug trades
Legalizers believe that
an illicit drug market tends to sell contaminated and dangerous drugs; legalization would enforce controls on purity and potency
In Drug War Heresies, drug experts Robert MacCoun and Peter Reuter argue that it is "plausible" that decreasing drug penalties will
not substantially increase use
On which of the following illicit drugs is the greatest total amount of money spent in the United States
cocaine
Most of what drug legalizers have written has focused on
criticizing the flaws of current punitive policy
The number of inmates incarcerated in jail and prison in the United States between 1980 and 2010
has increased
According to available, reliable information, over the past few decades the
purity of cocaine has increased and its price has declined
Roughly nine out of ten inmates in state prisons are
men
Several states have made the possession of small quantities of marijuana a civil infraction, similar to a parking ticket. This policy is referred to as
partial decriminalization
Which U.S. president renewed President Richard Nixon's "War on Drugs
Ronald Reagan
Over the past few decades, numerous major drug traffickers who were heads of huge smuggling operations, have died, been arrested, imprisoned, or killed; what has happened subsequently
virtually no change took place; the drug trade continued unabated because an underling stepped in and resumed the operation
According to the national household survey, between the late 1970s and the more recent survey (2011), the use of cocaine by the American population
has decreased
A needle exchange program, which operates in some countries of Europe and some cities in the United Kingdom, is an example of which of the following policies
harm reduction
For which of the following illicit drugs is the total trafficked weight the greatest
marijuana
Drug legalization
is not, according to Drugs in American Society, a serious proposal; it has no hope of implementation at any time in the foreseeable future
The Administration of President Barak Obama has
moderated or tempered the "War on Drugs" somewhat
As a general rule, illegal drugs have
a lower continuance rate than legal drugs
Approximately what percentage of the federal prison population is made up of drug offenders
about half (roughly 50-55%)
The current federal law that penalizes drug possession and sale is referred to as the
Drug Control Act (or Controlled Substances Act)
Evidence indicates that the link between the consumption of alcohol and engaging in violent behavior is largely and substantially a result of
disinhibition caused by the pharmacological effects of alcohol
Consuming alcohol is
positively related to engaging in violent behavior
Evaluations of drug treatment programs have demonstrated a failure rate of
roughly 70-90 percent
In the past several decades
the crime rate has decreased, but the number of persons incarcerated in prison has increased
Drug courts
divert drug offenders into treatment programs
The drug policy in the Netherlands is
de facto but not de jure legalization for marijuana, and keeping the sale of the hard drugs, such as cocaine and heroin, illegal
Criminalizing drugs has
increased their price
According to the text, the "doomsayers" who argue that, in all likelihood, the worst case scenario�a huge increase in harmful drug abuse�will come about under drug legalization are
wrong
The majority of drug legalizers believe and argue that
none of the above
Roughly half of all inmates in federal prisons were convicted and incarcerated for which of the following offenses
drug offenses
Alcohol is
not mentioned anywhere in the Controlled Substances Act
In the short run, that is, after 2000, the "race to incarcerate" offenders of all crimes, and drug offenders specifically
has slowed down
The drug ADAM-II's sample is most likely to have tested positive for is
marijuana
Treatment heroin addicts with methadone is more properly referred to as the
maintenance model
Drug researchers have proposed three models or explanations for the drug-crime nexus. Which one is the most adequate in explaining this link
the intensification model
After 1970, using, abusing, and being addicted to heroin
increased the likelihood of committing a violent crime
A defense of the punitive policy toward drug possession and sale is that criminalizing drugs
keeps the level of drug use and abuse lower than what it would be under legalization
Over the past three or four decades, the illicit drug market has
become extremely decentralized
Among women, as the volume of cocaine consumed increases, the likelihood of being the victim of a crime
increases
The term, "decriminalization," which refers to the controls placed on the possession of small-quantity marijuana possession in a dozen or so states, should more properly be called
partial decriminalization
The statistical correlation between the use of any and all illicit drugs and engaging in criminal behavior is
positive
The dominant current approach to the control of illicit recreational drugs in the U.S. is
prohibition
Which of the following corresponds most closely to the pure "chemical" model of illicit drug manufacture and sale
LSD
ADAM-II's data indicate that people arrested for a crime
are significantly more likely than the population at large to have recently used one or more psychoactive drugs
MacCoun and Reuter also argue that outright legalization "might
substantially increase illicit drug use
Which of the following models most adequately explains the drugs/violence nexus
the systemic model
Among ADAM-II's sample of arrestees
most agree to be drug tested
The Iron Law of Prohibition states that the stricter and more intense the enforcement of the laws against recreational drug use, the
more potent the prohibited substance will become
A major plank in the legalizer's platform is that drug use/abuse
will not rise significantly under legalization
The drug control policy that prevails in the Netherlands and Switzerland is
harm reduction
Methadone is
a narcotic that is used to treat narcotic addiction
The available evidence suggests that
the longer a client remains in a treatment program the greater the likelihood of improvement
According to the text, criminalizing illicit drugs increases the "hassle factor," which
keeps drugs hard to get, expensive, and increases the likelihood of arrest, and hence, decreases the rate of use of those drugs that are criminalized
During the past two decades, the price of cocaine sold on the street in the U.S.
has decreased
Which of the following drugs was the majority of perpetrators under the influence of when committing a criminal homicide
alcohol
The black-white disparity rate of incarceration is
greater for men than for women
MacCoun and Reuter calculate that for which of the following substances is the "elasticity index" the greatest�that is, there is the greatest decrease in purchases, given a one percent increase in price
marijuana
According to the text, illicit drug selling is
mixed in its economic impact; some of what users spend on drugs enriches the economy, providing income and jobs for workers, while some depletes the economy through death, extortion, and suppressed earnings
In our attempt to understand the relationship between drug use and criminal behavior, which would the researcher hypothesize is the dependent variable
criminal behavior
Over-the-Counter (OTC) drugs are
not mentioned anywhere in the Controlled Substances Act
Harm reduction is
pragmatic or consequentialist in its intent