nonverbal communication

communication based on a person's use of voice and body, rather than on the use of words

reading from a manuscript, reciting from memory, speaking impromptu, and speaking extemporaneously

What are the 4 basic methods of delivering a speech?

manuscript speech

a speech that is written out word for word and read to the audience

impromptu speech

a speech delivered with little or no immediate preparation

extemporaneous speech

a carefully prepared and rehearsed speech that is presented from a brief set of notes

conversational quality

presenting a speech so it sounds spontaneous no matter how many times it has been rehearsed

volume

the loudness or softness of the speaker's voice

pitch

the highness or lowness of the speaker's voice

inflections

changes in the pitch or tone of a speaker's voice

monotone

a constant pitch or tone of voice

rate

the speed at which a person speaks

pause

a momentary break in the vocal delivery of a speech

vocalized pause

a pause that occurs when a speaker fills the silence between words with vocalizations such as "uh" and "um

vocal variety

changes in a speaker's rate, pitch, and volume that give the voice variety and expressiveness

pronunciation

the accepted standard of sound and rhythm for words in a given language

articulation

the physical production of particular speech sounds

dialect

a variety of a language distinguished by variations of accent, grammar, or vocabulary

kinesics

the study of body motions as a systematic mode of communication

personal appearance, movement, gestures, and eye contact

What are some physical things that affect the way listeners respond to a speaker?

gestures

motions of a speaker's hands or arms during a speech

eye contact

direct visual contact with the eyes of another person

formulate answers to possible questions and practice the delivery of your answers

how does a speaker prepare for the question-and-answer session?

approach questions with a positive attitude, listen carefully, direct answers to the entire audience, be honest and straightforward, and stay on track

how does a speaker manage the question-and-answer session?

online speech

a speech that has been created specifically for an audience that will view it online and in real time

understand the special nature of the online environment, know your technology, control the visual environment, adapt your nonverbal communication, adjust your pacing for the online environment, manage q&a for the online environment, rehearse for the onlin

what are some things a speaker should do when presenting a speech online?

persuasion

the process of creating, reinforcing, or changing people's beliefs or actions

mental dialogue with the audience

the mental give-and-take between speaker and listener during a persuasive speech

target audience

the portion fo the whole audience that the speaker most wants to persuade

question of fact

a question about the truth or falsify of an assertion

question of value

a question about the worth, rightness, morality, and so forth of an idea or action

question of policy

a question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken

speech to gain passive agreement

a persuasive speech in which the speaker's goal is to convince the audience that a given policy is desirable without encouraging the audience to take action in support of the policy

speech to gain immediate action

a persuasive speech in which the speaker's goal is to convince the audience to take action in support of a given policy

need

the first basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: is there a serious problem or need that requires a change from current policy?

burden of proof

the obligation facing a persuasive speaker to prove that a change from current policy is necessary

plan

the second basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: if there is a problem with current policy, does the speaker have a plan to solve the problem?

practicality

the third basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: will the speaker's plan solve the problem? will it create new and more serious problems

problem-solution order

a method of organizing persuasive speeches in which the first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem

problem-cause-solution order

a method of organizing persuasive speeches in which the first main point identifies a problem, the second main point analyzes the causes of the problem, and the third main point presents a solution to the problem

comparative advantages order

a method of organizing persuasive speeches in which each main point explains why a speaker's solution to a problem is preferable to other proposed solutions

Monroe's motivated sequence

a method of organizing persuasive speeches that seek immediate action. the five steps of the motivated sequence are attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, and action

speeches to gain passive agreement and speeches to gain immediate action

what are types of speeches on questions of policy?

ethos

the name used by Aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to as credibility

credibility

the audience's perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic. the two major factors influencing a speaker's credibility are competence and character

initial credibility

the credibility of a speaker before she or he starts to speak

derived credibility

the credibility of a speaker produced by everything she or he says and does during the speech

terminal credibility

the credibility of a speaker at the end of the speech

competence and character

what are the two factors of credibility?

explain your competence, establish common ground with your audience, and deliver your speeches fluently, expressively, and with conviction

how do you enhance your credibility?

evidence

supporting materials used to prove or disprove something

use specific evidence, use novel evidence, use evidence from credible sources, and make clear the point of your evidence

what are tips for using evidence?

logos

the name used by Aristotle for the logical appeal of a speaker. the two major elements of logos are evidence and reasoning

reasoning

the process of drawing a conclusion on the basis of evidence

reasoning from specific instances

reasoning that moves from particular facts to a general conclusion

reasoning from principle

reasoning that moves from a general principle to a specific conclusion

casual reasoning

reasoning that seeks to establish the relationship between causes and effects

analogical reasoning

reasoning in which a speaker compares two similar cases and infers that what is true for the first case is also true for the second

fallacy

an error in reasoning

hasty generalization

a fallacy in which a speaker jumps to a general conclusion on the basis of insufficient evidence

false cause

a fallacy in which a speaker mistakenly assumes that because one event follows another, the first even is the cause of the second

invalid analogy

an analogy in which two cases being compared are not essentially alike

bandwagon

a fallacy which assumes that because something is popular, it is therefore good, correct, or desirable

red herring

a fallacy that introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the subject under discussion

ad hominem

a fallacy that attacks the person rather than dealing with the real issue in dispute

either-or

a fallacy that forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist

slippery slope

a fallacy which assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented

appeal to tradition

a fallacy which assumes that something old is automatically better than something new

appeal to novelty

a fallacy which assumes that something new is automatically better than something old

pathos

the name used by Aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to as emotional appeal

use emotional language, develop vivid examples, speak with sincerity and conviction

how does a speaker generate emotional appeal?

speech of introduction

a speech that introduces the main speaker to the audience

be brief, make sure your remarks are completely accurate, adapt your remarks to the occasion and main speaker and audience, and try to create a sense of anticipation and drama

what are the guidelines for speeches of introduction?

speech of presentation

a speech that present someone a gift, an award, or some other form of public recognition

acceptance speech

a speech that gives thanks for a gift, an award, or some other form of public recognition

commemorative speech

a speech that pays tribute to a person, a group of people, an institution, or an idea

immediate action

is a persuasive speech in which the speaker's goal is to convince the audience to take action in support of a given policy considered immediate action or passive agreement?

speeches that give praise or blame

what are epideictic speeches?

keep it lighthearted and funny

what is key when giving a roast?

presentation

which speech gives an award and public recognition?

commemoration

which speech pays tribute to a person, group, organization, or idea?

because everyone is on the internet

why is communication in digital forms so important right now?

yes, because whatever you put or is put of you is portraying your identity

is digital communication a part of your identity?