Renaissance
means "rebirth" in French; a period of artistic and cultural achievement in Europe from the 14th to the 16th century (c.1350-1550); (secularism, individualism, Humanism, materialism)
Patronage
a system common during the Renaissance where nobles would pay artists to create masterpieces in order to glorify their power
Florence
A republic Italian city-state which, IN ACTUALITY, was controlled by the powerful Medici banking family during the Renaissance (ex. Cosimo, Lorenzo, Giovanni); also believed to be the area where the Renaissance began
King Edward III of England
English king during the 14th century who started the Hundred Years' War in 1337 by attempting to take the French throne
Popolo
Italian underclass; a new force that disenfranchised (deprived of power) and heavily taxed the people bitterly for being excluded from holding power; used armed force and violence to take over the government.
Signori
a form a government during the Renaissance that consisted of a one-man ruler (despots); acted to protect and support the people but used illegal acts to rule.
Medici family
dominating family of Florence during the Renaissance; acquired wealth through banking; spent lots of money on art and whatnot
Charles VIII of France
French king; invited by Sforza family of Milan to invade Florence; fought over Italy with Ferdinand of Aragon (Spain) in the first of many French-Italian wars; in 1494, he controlled Florence, the Papal States, and Naples
Francesco Petrarch
the first humanist (founder of the Renaissance) famous scholar/teacher/poet, believed that Greco-Roman (classical) writings should be studied and imitated
Classicism
the study of Greco-Roman culture during the Italian Renaissance
Humanism
a Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements (as opposed to Medieval glorification of God); could be secular or nonsecular
Oligarchies
committee of a group of wealthy rulers; often ruled Italian city-states during the Renaissance; a small percent of men could vote
Leonardi Bruni
wrote "Humanities": Instrumental in establishing a humanist curriculum that focuses on classicism during the Renaissance; humanist educational movement restores tradition of secular rational historical writing; believed history is a guide for life today.
Giovanni Pico della Mirandola
Wrote "On the Dignity of Man" during the Reniassance which stated that man was made in the image of God before the fall and as Christ after the Resurrection. Man is placed in-between beasts and the angels; also believed that there is no limits to what man
Leon Alberti
architect/writer; "Men can do all things if they will"; idea of the universal man
Valla
Renaissance Humanist who used his knowledge of Latin to show that the Donation of Constantine was a forgery ("On the False Donation of Constantine"); contributed to the continual decline of the prestige of the Church with educated people
Botticelli
One of the leading painters of the Florentine Renaissance; The Birth of Venus (look it up, you'll remember it)
Baldassare Castiglione
(ok this is kinda long) offered a manual for the manners of the Renaissance Man; The Book of the Courtier: A gentleman is trained for polite company, poised and well dressed, skilled in arms and sports, blahblahblah...basically it said a Renaissance man s
Niccolo Machiavelli
wrote The Prince (1513) which contained a secular method of ruling a country (ruler should rule without God's help) and admired how the foreign "new monarchs" centralized their power; "End justifies the mean.
Christian Humanism
A movement that developed in northern Europe during the Renaissance combining classical learning (humanism) with the goal of REFORMING the Catholic Church (NOT SECULAR)
Thomas Moore
Christian Humanist; wrote "Utopia" about an imaginary land inhabited by a peace-loving people, an ideal place; basically everything was perfect and uncorrupted; o yeah and he got beheaded by the English government for implying God>Ruler
Desiderius Erasmus
Dutch Christian humanist; author of "The Praise of Folly" (satirized corruption/greed); believed in a "Christianity of the heart," not one of ceremonies or rules; believed that, to improve society, people should study the Bible
Johann Gutenberg
15th century German printer who was the first in Europe to print using movable type and the first to use a press; impacted society tremendously (his full name is really funny)
Lorenzo Medici
Indirect ruler in Florence who patronized many artists and humanists including Michelangelo, Leonardo, and Botticelli (he's a Medici)
Michelangelo
famous Italian Renaissance artist that painted the Sistine Chapel ceiling and sculpted the statue of David; also the name of a Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtle
Sistine Chapel
a chapel in the Vatican; built in the late 15th century under Pope Sixtus IV; contained a painted ceiling and fresco of the Last Judgment by Michelangelo and also frescoes by Botticelli (but mainly Michelangelo); exemplified (is a typical example of) how
Andrea Mantegna
a painter celebrated by Pope Innocent VIII who painted everything from frescoes to farm animals his greatest work are his frescoes in the bridal chamber of Gonzaga Palace (we didnt go over this guy in class)
Donatello
sculptor; most influential Florentine artist before Michelangelo; his statues expressed an appreciation of the incredible variety of human nature; also the name of a Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtle
Leonardo da Vinci
Italian painter, engineer, musician, and scientist; filled notebooks with engineering and scientific observations that were in some cases centuries ahead of their time; best known for The Last Supper (c. 1495) and Mona Lisa (c. 1503); also the name of a T
School of Athens
a painting by Raphael displaying classicism/humanism; shows Pluto, and Aristotle along with many other philosophers (search it up)
Jan van Eyck
Flemish painter who was a founder of the Flemish school of painting and pioneered modern techniques of oil painting; used realism in art
Jan Vermeer
17th century Dutch painter renowned for his use of light/darkness and painted modest, everyday scenes
Misogyny
hatred of women; practiced during the Renaissance because although upper-class women received an education, they couldn't apply it in Renaissance society (some women opposed this idea ex. Christine de Pisan and Laura Cereta)
Christine de Pizan
She was highly educated; one of the first women to earn a living as a writer (short stories, biographies, novels, and manuals on military techniques); one of the first European writers to question different treatment of men and women (Renaissance)
Queen Elizabeth I of England
English queen who allowed religious freedom as long as the people practiced "quietly"; Elizibethan Settlement (this should be a giveaway); centralized power by appeasing religious extremists (both Catholics and Protestants)
War of the Roses
A war between the English houses of Lancaster (red rose) and York (white rose); Lancastrian Henry VII took power and centralized power through the establishment of the Star Chamber (tortured people)
Hundred Years War
(I dont think you need to know all this) Series of campaigns over control of the throne of France, involving English and French royal families (the French won; basically, the French ran away for about 80 years because their crossbows were worse than the E
Renaissance in France England and Spain
described by new monarchs centralized power using Renaissancian ideas of nonsecular, powerful government
Cortes
Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547)
Reconquista
The Reconquering of Spain from the Muslims in 1492 by Ferdinand and Isabella. This unified Spain into a powerful nation-state.
New Christians (Conversos)
a term applied to Jews who were forced to accept Christianity prior to the Inquisition
Inquisition
A Roman Catholic tribunal for investigating and prosecuting charges of heresy; active in Spain during the 15th century to suppress heresy
Charles V
Holy Roman Emperor that called for the Diet of Worms (tried to arrest Protestants); supporter of Catholicism and tried to crush the Reformation by use of the Counter-Reformation; he tried to centralize his power, but did a very bad job at that and cause a
Erasmus
Dutch humanist and theologian who was the leading Renaissance scholar of northern Europe
Anticlericalism
movement in Catholic countries to remove the church from politics
Clerical Pluralism
Clerical practice of holding more than one church benefice (rewarded position) at the same time
Indulgence
The forgiveness of the punishment due for past sins, granted by the Catholic Church authorities as a reward for a pious act. Martin Luther's protest against the sale of indulgences is often seen as starting the Protestant Reformation
Johann Tetzel
This was the man who was hired by Archbishop Albert of Mainz to sell indulgences, which he did extremely successfully and pissed off Luther
Fredrick II
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Fredrick III
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Charles V
Holy Roman emperor (1519-1558) and king of Spain; summoned the Diet of Worms (1521) and the Council of Trent (1545-1563)
Pope Clement VII
Pope during the Sack of Rome (Ended the Renaissance). Also refused to recognized Henry VIII's (English king) divorce from Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Queen), which led to the English Reformation.
Habsburg-Valois Wars
the Italian wars where Milan invited France into Italy to invade Florence, but then France also invaded Milan. Spain wanted to check the power of France, making Italy a center of war. (Habsburgs=Spanish Family, Valois=French Family)
Protestantism
The religious group that broke away from the Catholic Church and formed their own beliefs, such as personal interpretations of the Bible, ministers had no special powers, and had only 2 mentioned sacraments, and hated idolatry
John Calvin
French Christian humanist whose theological writings profoundly influenced religious thoughts of Europeans. Developed Calvinism at Geneva with strict, nonsecular government. Wrote Institutes of Christian Religion
Geneva
Calvin established a theocracy in this city by 1540; became home to Protestant exiles from England, Scotland, and France, who later returned to their countries with Calvinist ideas.
The Institution of Christian Religion
book by John Calvin in which he opposes Catholic ideas and develops Calvinist ideas
Martin Luther
95 Thesis, posted in 1517, led to religious reform in Germany, denied papal power and absolutist rule. Claimed there were only 2 sacraments: baptism and communion.
Germany
nation where the Protestant Reformation started; very dis-unified
95 Theses
Martin Luther's ideas that he posted on the church door at Wittenburg which questioned the Roman Catholic Church. This act began the Reformation
Ulrich Zwingli
Swiss theologian whose sermons began the Reformation in Switzerland
Thomas Kempis
German ecclesiastic; author of "the imitation of Christ"; early Northern Christian writer who challenged individuals to live a godly life rather than focus just on knowledge, summarized philosophy of Brothers of the Common Life in 'Imitation of Life', ass