Spanish Maine
(transported gold and silver--->pirates)
- Americans accused Spain of sinking warship, the Maine
- Spanish didn't actually sink ship (it had technical issues)
- Maine was sunk in 1898
- started Spanish-American war (real cause was desire for new land by A
St. Augustine
(Pedro Menedez)
1st permanent settlement established by Europeans in U.S
viceroy
governor of a country or province who rules as the representative of his or her king or sovereign
creoles
american born descendants of spanish settlers
not permitted high role in government, farmed
didnt have rights
mestizo
a person of mixed spanish and native american ancestry
(small farmers/tradespeople)
French Government in America
in Canada (Quebec, farming, fur trading...)
in government - people had no voice, kings officials had complete control
French - Indian Relations
french had better relations with indians than english
french - didnt destroy nature or take over indian land
french - men married indian woman and had babies = metis
Jamestown - Southern Colonies
The first permanent successful settlement because of John Smith in the Virginia colony founded in May, 1607. Harsh conditions nearly destroyed the colony but in 1610 supplies arrived with a new wave of settlers. The settlement became part of the Virginia
Roanoke - southern colonies
lost Colony"
founded before Jamestown, failed-bad location, weather...ect
joint-stock companies - southern colonies
Companies that financed the settlement of America.
John Smith - southern colonies
Jamestown succesful because of him
forced farming
got injured, went back to england, colony deteriated by famine,
Helped found and govern Jamestown. His leadership and strict discipline helped the Virginia colony get through the difficult first winter.
encomienda
A grant of land made by Spain to a settler in the Americas, including the right to use Native Americans as laborers on it
promise christianity
Bacons Rebellion - southern colonies
A rebellion lead by Nathaniel Bacon with backcountry farmers to attack Native Americans in an attemp to gain more land and wanted fair representation for frontier settlers
Virginia House of Burgesses - southern colonies
1619. First elected legilative assembly in the New World established in the Colony of Virginia. Served as an early model of elected government in the New World...2 representatives from each district
Mayflower Compact - southern colonies
1620 - The first agreement for self-government in America. It was signed by the 41 men on the Mayflower and set up a government for the Plymouth colony.
Fundamental Orders of Connecticut - southern colonies
first written constitution in America, extended voting rights, self government
Georgia - southern colonies
founded by James Ogelthorpe (1732)
purpose: to make haven for prison/debt
Maryland - southern colonies
founded by George Calvert
purpose: haven for Catholics
land north of Chesapeake bay given from king charles to george...named after charles wife
Puritans - new england colonies
want to "purify"/reform the church by eliminated all forms of Catholism
1678: Salem
1630: Boston (Massachucettes Bay Colony)
-main trading point
*John Winthrop - leader
*anne hutchinson - thougt you dont need priest to interpret bible
*rodger Williams
Pilgrims/Separtists - new england colonies
want to separate from english church
Mayflower Compact
1620: Plymoth Colony
2nd permanent English colony
King Phillips War - new england colonies
The War Between the Puritans(King Phillip) and the Pequot, Narragansett,Wampanog, and Nipmunk indians
middle colonies
new amsterdam (capital)
Geography:
fertile coastal plain, slow flowing rivers link to coast, harbors (delaware, hudson rivers)
Economy:
trade, farming "bread basket", staple crops
Quakers - middle colonies
came for religious freedom
merchantalism - middle colonies
export more than import
Navagation Acts - middle colonies
not supposed to produce certain goods
only import english goods
Power of the Purse - middle colonies
controled what was happening with tax money
New England Colonies
Geography:
forest, prime fishing, fast moving streams and rivers, rocky soil, slow growing system
Economy:
fishing, lumbering, shipbuilding, commerce "substance farming"- produce crops to feed themselves
Southern Colonies
Geography:
fertile soil, warm climate, long growing season, broad slow rivers
Economy:
cash crops (rice, tabacco, indigo), no industry
John Peter Zenger
Colonial printer whose case helped begin freedom of the press
Zenger trial
importance: freedom of speech, and press
This 1735 trial of a New York newspaper editor for criticising a British-appointed governor. It resulted in a not guilty verdict, since the articles were based on fact, not slander. This acquittal was the first imp
French and Indian War
cause: fur trade, land
Advantages:
FRENCH (geurilla warefare - Indian allies, knew the land)
ENGLISH: (self-sufficiant, permanent settlement)
Colonist: unity, soldiers, more independent from mother country
Enlightenment
movement during the 1700's that spread the idea that knowledge, reason, and science could improve society
people experimented, questioned
Great Awakening
It was a revival of religious importance in the 17th century. It undermined older clergy, created schisms, increased compositeness of churches, and encouraged missionary work, led to the founding new schools. It was first spontaneous movement of the Ameri
Navagation Acts
1. no goods could be shipped to or from any colony except on English Ships
2. certain articles produced in the colonies could be sold only to england
3. European goods going to colonies must first be shipped to England, then reshipped to colonies on Engli
Proclamation of 1763
A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalacian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east, wanted to prevent indian problems...colonist
Sugar Act
halved the duty on foreign made molasses, placed duties on certain imports, and strenghtened the enforcement of the law allowing prosecutors to try smuggling cases in a vice-admiralty court...colonists smuggled goods from foreign nations
Stamp Act
A tax that the British Pariliament placed on newspapers and official documents sold in the American Colonies...this effected all people causing a "hornets nest", stamp collected mobbed and bullied, sons of liberty, people boycotted and the act was repeale
Critical Period
Term used by historians to describe the United States under the Articles of Confederation.
Shays Rebellion
this conflict in Massachusetts caused many to criticize the Articles of Confederation and admit the weak central government was not working; uprising led by Daniel Shays in an effort to prevent courts from foreclosing on the farms of those who could not p
Great Compromise
Compromise made by Constitutional Convention in which states would have equal representation in one house of the legislature and representation based on population in the other house
Loyalists
American colonists who remained loyal to Britain and opposed the war for independence
Patriots
Colonists who wanted independence from Britain
Battle of Saratoga
Turning point of the American Revolution. It was very important because it convinced the French to give the U.S. military support. It lifted American spirits, ended the British threat in New England by taking control of the Hudson River, and, most importa
Treaty of Paris
Under this agreement, the British recognized the United States as an independent nation, the borders of the new nation extended from the Atlantic Ocean to the Mississippi River, and the southern border stopped at Florida, which was returned to Spain. The
Hamilton vs Jefferson
Hamiltion: (northerners, strong government, "Federalists", liberal constructionist)
strong governtment ruled by elite, wanted nation to pay off debt, national bank
Jefferson: (state government, southerners, "Democratic-Republicans", strict constructionist
protective tariff
tax on goods to encourage american production
Jays treaty
Was made up by John Jay. It said that Britain was to pay for Americans ships that were seized in 1793. It said that Americans had to pay British merchants debts owed from before the revolution and Britain had agreed to remove their troops from the Ohio Va
Alien and Sedation Acts
3 measures. alien acts raised the residence requirment for American citizenship from five years to 14 years and allowed the President to deport or jail any alien that was considered undesirable. The 4th measure, the sedation act sets ffines and jail terms
Nullification
The doctrine that a state can declare null and void a federal law that, in the state's opinion, violates the Constitution.
Marbury v. Madison
, established concept of judicial review, first time supreme court declared something 'unconstitutional
makes the judicial branch more powerful, can declare law unconstitutional "Judicial Review
Louisiana Purchase
territory in western United States purchased from France in 1803 for $15 million
Napoleon, fear: french in America, Pickneys Treaty
Judicial Review
the power of the Supreme Court to declare laws and actions of local, state, or national governments unconstitutional
Consequences of War of 1812
1. led to end of Federalist party (members apposed to war)
2. encouraged growth of American industries to manufacture products no longer available from Britian because of war
3. confirmed the status of the US as a free and independent nation
Monroe Doctrine
Causes:
-Spain and Portugal wanted teritories
-Russia in Alaska ----> drifting into california
-Spain was going to take back land
"foundsation for future" a policy by president James Maonroe of US opposition to any European indiference in the affairs of t
spoils system
jobs to friends and political allies
Jackson Democracy
Jacksons political philosophy based on the belief that common people are the source of American Strength
Indian Removal Act
treaty forced indian to move back west
*Trail of Tears - US drive Cheorke to west camps
Calhoun theory of nullification
state could declare nullified soverign, states have right not to pay
Embargo Act
Act that forbade the export of goods from the U.S. in order to hurt the economies of the warring nations of France and Britain. The act slowed the economy of New England and the south. The act was seen as one of many precursors to war.
Missouri Compromise
missouri (slave state)
Maine (free state)
Compromise of 1850
Includes California admitted as a free state, the Fugitive Slave Act, Made popular sovereignty in most other states from Mexican- American War
North- california free state
south - more effective fugitive slave law
popular sovereignty
The concept that a States people should vote whether to be a slave state or Free
Fugitive slave act
-slaves not permitted to trial by jury
-anyone helping slaves fined 1,000$ and prision for 6 months
"vigilance committes" - send slaves to canada
Uncle Toms Cabin
expressed a hatred for slavery written by Harriet Breecher Stowe
stirred protests about Fugitive Slave Act
Kansas - Nebraska Act
1854 - Created Nebraska and Kansas as states and gave the people in those territories the right to chose to be a free or slave state through popular sovereignty.
Stephen Douglas
two territories: popular soveregnity
violece broke out- "bleeding Kansas
political party of 1850
democrats (divied on the issue) + Whigs (north anit slavery and south pro salvery) =
Republican Party
Dred Scott Decision
slave livied in a free stae with owner dead, can be free
not a citizen, cant sue
being in a free territory, didnt make a slave free (slaves=property)
Reaction:
North: anger because there is no way you can stop slavery from spreading
South: allow extention
Radical Republicans
leaders: Gladius Ceasar, Charles Summner
, Political party that favored harsh punishment of Southern states after civil war
Freedmens Bureau
gave food and clothing and education to former slaves and children in South, an organization started by Congress in 1865 to help newly freed African American citizens in the South
Carpetbaggers
took everything in a bag"
can down from the north during the reconstruction period
scalawags
southern whites who supported republican policy throught reconstruction
(union members, small farmers)
Factors that contributed to industrial growth
-abundant natural resources
-increasing number of inventions
-expanding uraban population
Edwin Drake
created first oil in Titusville Pennsylvania, oil used as lubracant to make machines run smoothly
used steam engine to drill oil--->gasoline--->cars
Bessemer Process
used for steel, removes impurities....widley used as strong steel metal (construction-Brooklyn Bridge...)
Railroads
linked areas together
*standard gage track
*standard time zones
harsh working conditions, injuries, abuse, indian attack
Inventions/People
thomas edison - light bulb
george westinghouse - electricity
christopher sholes - typewriter
Alaxander Bell - telephone
Pullman/Pullman Illinois
George Pullman - controled environment
lived in nice conditions, shops, doctors
cut pay, didnt lower taxes--->strike
Credit Mobilier
corruption
"pocket profits" (contract to lay tracks 3x actual costs)
formed by Union Pacific Railroad
Interstate Commerce Act
a law that made a federal Interstate Commerce Commission to regulate unfair railroad practices
vertical integration
process in which Carnegie bought out his suppliers in order to control the raw materials and transportation systems
horizontal integration
the merging of companies that make similar products
Social Darwinism
The application of ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies - particularly as a justification for their imperialist expansion.
John Rockefeller
robber barons"
-payed employies very low
-sold oil lower than it takes to produce it
-when controlled market, hike up the price
Sherman Antitrust Act
an 1890 law that banned the formation of trusts and monopolies in the United States
not successful:
didnt define "trusts"
firms felt pressure from government (single corporations)
Samuel Gompers
United States labor leader (born in England) who was president of the American Federation of Labor Union from 1886 to 1924 (1850-1924)
AFL
American Federation of Labor. A union of skilled workers from one or more trades which focused on collective bargaining (negotiation between labor and management) to reach written agreements on wages hours and working conditions. The AFL used strikes as a
IWW
(Industrial Workers of the World) A labor organization for unskilled workers, formed by a group of radical unionists and socialists in 1905.
trust
people in small companies turn over control to a board---->control of stock
monopoly
complete control of industry
holding company
a company whose primary business is owning a controlling share of stock in other companies
captains of industry
companie owners such as Carnegie and Rockefeller who some followers thought had a positive impact on the country in terms of businesses
New immigration after 1890
eastern /southern europe, caribean, mexico, japan, china
Catholics/Jews
most spoke little or no english
looking for religious freedom, jobs, land, better way of life
*ellis island, angel island
*melting pot - mixed people in America
*Nativism - favortism
Gentlemans agreement
an informal agreement between the United States and the Empire of Japan whereby the U.S. would not impose restriction on Japanese immigration or students, and Japan would not allow further immigration to the U.S.
Americanization Movement
A movement designed to assimilate people of wide ranging cultures into the dominate culture. This social movement was sponsored by the government and concerned citizens. Schools and voluntary associations taught immigrants skills need for citizenship, suc
Social Gospel Movement
applying Christian principles to social problems
Jane Adams (Hull House)
Social reformer who worked to improve the lives of the working class. In 1889 she founded Hull House in Chicago, the first private social welfare agency in the U.S., to assist the poor, combat juvenile delinquency and help immigrants learn to speak Englis
graft
the illegal use of political influence for personal gain (fraud, bribes---->votes, money)
"kick backs
urban problems
housing, transportation, water, sanitation, crime, fire
Boss Tweed
William Tweed, head of Tammany Hall, NYC's powerful democratic political machine in 1868. Between 1868 and 1869 he led the Tweed Reign, a group of corrupt politicians in defrauding the city. Example: Responsible for the construction of the NY court house;
Thomas Nast
Newspaper cartoonist who produced satirical cartoons, he invented "Uncle Sam" and came up with the elephant and the donkey for the political parties. He nearly brought down Boss Tweed.
Pendleton Act
It made compulsory campaign contributions from federal employees illegal, and established the Civil Service Commission to make appointments to federal jobs on the basis of examination rather than cronyism
Booker T. Washington
Prominent black American, born into slavery, who believed that racism would end once blacks acquired useful labor skills and proved their economic value to society, was head of the Tuskegee Institute in 1881. His book "Up from Slavery."
"Cast down your bu
W. E. B. Du Bois
fought for African American rights. Helped to found Niagra Movement in 1905 to fight for and establish equal rights. This movement later led to the establishment of the NAACP
poll tax
a tax of a fixed amount per person and payable as a requirement for the right to vote
(blacks and poor whites couldnt pay tax---->grandfather clause so poor whites could vote)
Literacy test
A test given to persons to prove they can read and write before being allowed to register to vote
Grandfather clause
A clause in registration laws allowing people who do not meet registration requirements to vote if they or their ancestors had voted before 1867.
(inteded for poor whites to vote)
segregation
the separation or isolation of a race, class, or group
Jim Crow Laws
law separating blacks and whites in public and private places
(effect: racial segregation in schools, hospitals, parks, and transportation areas throughout south especially)
Plessy v. Ferguson
sumpreme court ruled that segregation public places facilities were legal as long as the facilites were equal
"seprate but equal
Progressive Movement
reform effort, generally centered in urban areas and begun in the early 1900s, whose aims included returning control of the government to the people, restoring economic opportunities, and correcting injustices in American life.
Four Goal of Progressive:
-
Social Welfare
reformers worked to soften harsh working conditions
(YMCA, Salvation Army)
*Florence Kelley - advocate for woman and children and passed Illinois Factory Act: no child labor/limited hours for women
Moral Improvement
wanted to help poor immigrants
"Temperance Movement" ~Prohibition - bann of alchoholic drinks
Alchohol---> domestic abuse--->organizations against alchohol (WTC) and Frances WIllard
Economic Reform
Americans embraced socialism (Eugene V. Debs)
organized a socilalist party (capitalism=evil)
*Ida Tarbell--->target: a muckraker for standard oil company
*Lincoln Steffans---> muckraker "shame of Cities" (corruption of government)
***Muckrakers - magazine
Muckrakers
This term applies to newspaper reporters and other writers who pointed out the social problems of the era of big business. The term was first given to them by Theodore Roosevelt.
Ida Tarbell
A leading muckraker and magazine editor, she exposed the corruption of the oil industry with her 1904 work A History of Standard Oil.
Lincoln Steffens
United States journalist who exposes in 1906 started an era of muckraking journalism (1866-1936), Writing for McClure's Magazine, he criticized the trend of urbanization with a series of articles under the title Shame of the Cities.
Fostering Efficiancy
Brandis Breif" - argued he saw working woman for long hours detremental
*scientific managment - study to see how quickly a task can be preformed (higher pay-more work)
Upton Sinclair
muckraker who shocked the nation when he published The Jungle, a novel that revealed gruesome details about the meat packing industry in Chicago. The book was fiction but based on the things Sinclair had seen.
Seventeenth Amendment
an amendment to the US constitution provides for the election of US senetors by the people rather than by state legislatures,
1913 constitutional amendment allowing American voters to directly elect US senators
Progressivism
ECONOMIC ( Roosevelt establishes Square Deal and breaks up trusts, new tax system is insituted)
POLITICAL (electons are reformed, citizens given greater voice in government: recall -removing person form public office by vote, initiative - legislative meas
Clayton Antitrust Act
Corrected the problems of the Sherman Antitrust Act; outlawed certain practices that restricted competition; unions on strike could no longer be considered violating the antitrust acts
no monopoly could be created
Roosevelt Square Deal
Roosevelt ran for president in his own rights in 1904. During the campaign, he promised Americans this. By this, he meant that everyone from farmers to consumers to workers to owners would have the same opportunity to succeed. That promise helped Roosevel
imperialism
A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries poitically, socially, and economically.
3 Factors that fueled the New American Imperialsim
- desire for military strength
-thirst for new markets
-belief in cultural superiority
Alfred T. Mahan
urged US government to build up naval power...believed in large army
Spanish American War
Causes:
-human rights (unfair treatment of Cubans)
-yellow journalism (writing that exeraterates news to elure readers)
-De Lome Letter (secret letter from Spain critisizing President Mckinley and was found)
de Lome letter
Spanish Ambassador's letter that was illegally removed from the U.S. Mail and published by American newspapers. It criticized President McKinley in insulting terms. Used by war hawks as a pretext for war in 1898.
Spanish American War treaty term
Treaty of Paris 1898
-Cuba independent
-Guam, Puerto Rico
-20 million paid by US for the Phillippines
Teller Amendement
US declared Cuba free from Spain, but disclaimed any American intention to annex Cuba
Platt Amendment
a series of provisions the US insisted Cuba to add to the Constitution
-Cuba couldnt make treaties that might limit independence or permit a foriegn power to control any part of its territory
-the US reserved the right to intervene in Cuba
-Cuba was not a
Anti-Imperialist League
objected to the annexation of the Philippines and the building of an American empire. Idealism, self-interest, racism, constitutionalism, and other reasons motivated them, but they failed to make their case; the Philippines were annexed in 1900
Panamal Canal
...
Roosevelt Corollary
Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force
Roosevelt foreign policy philosophy
missionary diplomacy" - US has moral responsibility to deny recognition to any Latin American governement it viewed as oppresive, undemocratic, or hostle to US interest
*taft policy - "dollar dipolmacy" - nations economy power to exert influence over oth
Zimmerman Note
Written by Arthur Zimmerman, a german foreign secretary. In this note he had secretly proposed a German- Mexican alliance. He tempted Mexico with the ideas of recovering Texas, Arizona, and New Mexico. The note was intercepted on March 1, 1917 by the U.S.
Four Causes of WWI
-nationalism
-imperialism
-militarism
-alliance system
US enters war
1. submarine warefare
2. Zimmerman note
Selective Service Act
law requiring men to register for military service
John Pershing
...
Eddie Rickenbacker
the most decorated United States combat pilot in World War I (1890-1973)
Herbert Hoover
head of the Food Administration
"gospel of a clean plate"
helped conserve and ration for WWI
Bernard Bauch
prosperous businessman and leader of war Industries Board
George Creel
head of CPI (comittee of Public Information) and former muckraker journalist----> posters, cartoons, minute men
Espionage and Sedition Acts
laws that enacted harsh punishments against anyone who opposed participation in the war\
violated first amendment
gains for women during WWI
-jobs (for war support)
-19th amendment (vote)
-women helped outcome of war
Red Scare
Intense fear of communism and other politically radical ideas
Palmer Raids
a series a government attacks on suspected radicals in the United States led by the U.S. attorney general A. Mitchell Palmer
Emergancy Quota Act
established a maximum number of people who could enter the US from each foreign country
John L. Lewis
leader of the United Mine Workers and declared strike that resulted in wage increase
Kellogg-Briand Pact
renounced war as a national policy but provided no means of enforcement
Fordney-McCumber tariff
This tariff rose the rates on imported goods in the hopes that domestic manufacturing would prosper. This prevented foreign trade, which hampered the economy since Europe could not pay its debts if it could not trade.
Charles Hughs
President Harding's secretary of state
Herbert Hoover
gained experience as director of the Food Admisnistration to serve as Secretary of Commerce
Teapot Dome scandal
governement set aside oil-rich public lands at Teapot Dome and Elk Hills for use by the US navy
Albert Fall transferred these reserves to the Interior Department and secretly leased the land to two private oil companies
despite the claims by Fall that thi
Albert Fall
Secretary of Interior and part of teapot dome scandal
convicted of bribery
Andrew Mellon
Seccretary of Treasury, he sent about cutting taxes and reducing national debt
the automobile
created an urban sprawl
the one industry that didnt prosper in 1920s
farming industry
indusry that prospered
advertising
airline
automobile
Causes of the Great Depression
1. Failure of Industry: overproduction, competition with new technology, loss of business
*when indusrty falls--->cut jobs/cut wages
2. Farmers: overproduction (surplus)--->price drop--->debt--->foreclosures--->banks lose money---> rural banks fail
*McNay
speculation
The process of selecting investments with higher risk in order to profit from an anticipated price movement.
margin buying
paying part of the cost and borrowing the rest from brokers
Black Tuesday
October 29, 1929; the day the stock market crashed. Lead to the Panic of 1929
shantytowns
Unplanned slum development on the margins of cities, dominated by crude dwellings and shelters made mostly of scrap wood, iron, and even pieces of cardboard.
Depression in rural areas
-some farmers able to grow own food
-werent able to grow crops- Dust Bowl
-farmers ran into debt, lost land--->tenant farming
Dust Bowl
western Kansas and Oklahoma, northern Texas, and eastern Colorado and New Mexico; long periods of drought and destructive farming methods ruined farming in the region during the Great Depression
Federal Home Loan Act
lowered mortgage rates for homeowners and allowed farmers to refinance their farm loans and avoid foreclosure
Social and Phsychological Effects
Social effetcs:
-people didnt go to dentist, doctor
-gave up dreams
-people didnt get married, have kids
Physchological effects:
-suicide
-mental hospitals
-people never wanted to be poor again
Philosophy of Herbert Hoover
Rugged Individualism" - the idea that people should suceed through their own efforts
Reconstruction Finance Corporation
an independant agency of the United States government. It granted over 2 billion dollars to the local and state governments. It was charted under the Herbert Hoover administration.
Bonus Army
Group of WWI vets. that marched to D.C. in 1932 to demand the immediate payment of their goverment war bonuses in cash