liberty
freedom from governmental control
equality
having the same conditions and opportunities as everyone else
classical liberalism
a term given to the philosophy of John Locke and other 17th and 18th century advocates of the protection of individual rights and liberties by limiting government power.
bourgeoisie
educated, middle class of france;
bourgeoisie
provided force behind the revolution
representative government
Power is held by the people and exercised through the efforts of representatives elected by the people.
thomas paine
In England he published The Rights of Man
thomas paine
Revolutionary leader who wrote the pamphlet Common Sense (1776) arguing for American independence from Britain.
declaration of independence
the document recording the proclamation of the Second Continental Congress (4 July 1776) asserting the independence of the colonies from Great Britain
marquis de lafayette
French soldier who joined General Washington's staff and became a general in the Continental Army.
treaty of paris of 1783
Treaty Between England and the Colonies , formally ended the American Revolutionary War
constitutional convention
meeting of delegates in 1787 to revise the Articles of Confederation, which produced the new U.S. Constitution
bill of rights
written list of freedoms the government promises to protect
manorial rights
privileges of lordship that allowed them to tax the peasantry for their own profit
louis xvi and marie antoinette
king and queen of France were spending much of france's money on themselves not on helping the citizens= citizens uprising= death of king and queen by guillotine.
abbe sieyes
Argued that lower classes were more important than the nobles and the government should be responsible to the people.
abbe sieyes
Wrote an essay called "What is the 3rd estate
national assembly
French Revolutionary assembly (1789-1791).
oath of the tennis court
National Assembly is locked out of meeting place for estates-general and meets in tennis court where they pledged to not leave until a constitution was made.
bastille
The political prison and armory stormed on July 14, 1789, by Partisian city workers alarmed by the king's concentration of troops at Versailles
great fear
A wave of senseless panic that spread through the French countryside after the storming of the Bastille in 1789
declaration of the rights of man
Statement of fundamental political rights adopted by the French National Assembly at the beginning of the French Revolution.
departments
French provinces that were more "naturally organized
civil constitution of the clergy
passed July 12, 1790 during the French Revolution, subordinated the Roman Catholic Church in France to the French government.
maximilien robespierre
The Jacobin leader who seized control of France in 1793 and eventually went crazy.
edmund burke
In Reflections of the Revolution in France, he forecast problems as those without political experience attempted to govern
mary wollstonecraft
English writer and early feminist who denied male supremacy and advocated equal education for women
declaration of pilnitz
the statment made by Austria and Prussia that they would attack France if anything happened to the King or Queen. empty threat gone wrong
legislative assembly
replaced National Assembly; took away most of king's power
jacobins
Radical republicans during the French Revolution. They were led by Maximilien Robespierre from 1793 to 1794.
september massacres
revolutionaries break into prisons across france and massacre thousands of people for fear that political prisoners will aid the austrian-prussian army
national convention
french formed governing body that abolished the constitutional monarchy, declared france a republic and executed louis xvi
battle of valmy
victory for france which stopped invading armies, national convention abolishes the monarchy and declares france a republic
sans-culottes
in the French Revolution, a radical group made up of Parisian wage-earners, and small shopkeepers who wanted a greater voice in government, lower prices, and an end of food shortages
committee of public safety
The leaders under Robespierre who organized the defenses of France, conducted foreign policy, and centralized authority during the period 1792-1795.
total war
the channeling of a nation's entire resources into a war effort
planned economy
an economy in which government directs the use of national resources and regulates the economy to achieve both goals and stability.
egalitarian
believing in the social and economic equality of all people
reign of terror
This was the period in France where Robespierre ruled and used revolutionary terror to solidify the home front. He tried rebels and they were all judged severely and most were executed
nationalism
a strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country
thermidorian reaction
it was the result of widespread opinion that the Revolution had become too radical, it was a return to more traditional spheres for men and women, caused by the fall of Robespierre, price control and regulations were removed. People suffered, risings brok
the directory
National Convention drafted a new Constitution which called for a 2 house legislature and an executive body of 5 men, known as this
napoleon bonaparte
Army general who rose to become Emperor of France and conquered more the half of Europe. Established a Consulate, Concordat with the church, and Civil Code. Defeated 1815 at Waterloo.
first consul
Napoleon named this after ousting the Directory; remained this until proclaiming himself emperor; first of three
plebiscite
A popular vote;
civil code
Napoleonic Code; this code preserved most of the gains of the revolution by recognizing the principle of the equality of all citizens before the law, and ect.
concordat of 1801
This is the agreement between Pope Pius VII and Napoleon that healed the religious division in France by giving the French Catholics free practice of their religion and Napoleon political power "the majority of frenchmen are catholic
family monarchy
The idea that the father was the head of the household and ruled with absolute authority.
-aim of Napoleon Bonaparte
-set back women's rights gained from French Revo.
joseph fouche
head of Napoleons secret police
battle of trafalgar
an 1805 naval battle in which Napoleon's forces were defeated by a British fleet under the command of Horatio Nelson
battle of austerlitz
An important battle when Napoloen defeated the Third Coalition and all the countries had to sign treaties
confederation of the rhine
League of German States organized by Napoleon in 1813 after defeating the Austrians at Austerlitz. The league collapsed after Napoleon's defeat in Russia.
grand empire
built by Napoleon and composed of three parts: an ever-expanding France, a number of dependent satellite kingdoms, and the largely independent but allied states of Austria, Prussia, and Russia
satellite kingdoms
kingdoms basically under Napleon's control with a relative or a dummy ruler in place.
guerilla warfare
This tactic was used by both the Spanish and the Russians to defeat Napoleon's troops.
continental system
Napoleon's efforts to block foreign trade with England by forbidding Importation of British goods Into Europe.
alexander i
He was the Russian tsar during the Napoleonic Wars; he broke the continental system to trade with England, causing Napoleon to send troops to Russia even though he was involved in the Penninsular Wars
quadruple alliance
G.B., Austria, Prussia, and Russia united to defeat France and their Bonapartism, and also to ensure peace after war. After Napoleon, they resotred the Bourbon monarchy to France.
louis xviii
French monarch who was restored to the throne by the allies after Napoleon was defeated.
constitutional charter
issued by Louis XVIII, accepted many of France's revolution changes and guaranteed civil liberties
hundred days
The brief period during 1815 when Napoleon made his last bid for power, deposing the French King and again becoming Emperor of France
battle of waterloo
Famous battle put end to Napoleon's Hundred Days. Nap defeated in June of 1815 by British under Duke of Wellington. A Prussian force under General Blucher arrived late in the day to tip the balance against Napoleon.
national assembly
Called first as the Estates General, the three estates came together and demanded radical change.
national assembly
It passed the Declaration of the Rights of Man in 1789.
robespierre
led the mountain
plebicite
in this case it made Napoleon the First Consul of France and legalized his power.
1. France 2. Russia, Prussia, Austria 3. satellite countries
3 parts of Napoleon's empire
100 days
time that Napoleon returned to try to regain rule
1. equality of all men before the law 2. security of private property
two points reinforced by the civil code
Edmund Burke
had a conservative response to the revolution
Louis XIV abolishment
beginning of radical phase
interest on debt
50% of France's budget was focused on this
Great fear
time where peasants went on a rage for rights and freedoms-> destroying noble property
1. planned economy 2. nationalism 3. reign of terror
3 reasons why the French were successful in their fight against the first coalition
COntinental system
blockade of Britain created so that the country couldn't trade with Europe
Spain
first great revolt against napoleon
1. constitutional monarchy 2. economic reform 3. guarenteed liberty by law 4. reforms to help parish priests
4 common demands by all classes in the french revolution
Austria and Prussia
countries involved in the Dec. of Philnitz
clergy
first estate
nobles
2nd estate
bourgoise, peasents, sans clouttes
3 groups of the 3rd Estate
believed world was advancing with america as the leader
Europe's reaction to the revolutionary war
new idea
the bourgoise and nobles developed two parrallel social ladders that were increasingly linked
old theory
growing middle class made the bourgoise unite and destroy feudal priveledges
meeting of the Estates general
first sign that the absolute monarchy is collapsing
bourguoise
class that represented the 3rd estate in politics
the people
Sieyes thought that they should run the government
National Assembly
established at the Tennis COurt Oath
Lafayette
commander of the cities' armed forces
duke of aiguillon
issued the august 4th reforms
Declaration of the rights of man
guarenteed natural rights, freedom of speech and press, liberal revolutionary ideal
liberal revolutionary ideal
guarenteed equality before the law, representation for sovereign people, and individual freedom
right to divorce, inherit property, and obtain financial support from male counterpart
women's rights
National Assembly
government body that granted religious freedom
nationalizing church
most important failure of the National Assembly
Legislative Assembly
made up of the Jacobins, young radicals, dealt with first coalition
attack on tuileries
-> king imprisoned. event that led to the creation of the National assembly
Mountain
sat on the lefthand sides led by robespierre and danton
national COnvention
convicted Louis XIV of treason and sentenced him to death
1. collaborated with sans culottes to make things more fair 2. used to produce arms
2 ways robsipierre made his planned economy