Second Revolution
Tools and equipment were modified, methods of soil preparation, fertilization, crop care, and harvesting improved the general organization of agriculture made more efficient
Girondists vs. Mountain
Girondists were the political group that were the liberals of France who did not want to execute Louis XVI. But the Mountain, which were led by Robespierre and Georges Jacues Danton, put him to death. The Mountain eventually went on to become the makeup o
Georges Jacques Danton
French revolutionary leader who stormed the Paris bastille and who supported the execution of Louis XVI but was guillotined by Robespierre for his opposition to the Reign of Terror (1759-1794)
Why France declared war on the rest of Europe
France declared war on the rest of Europe because they
were expecting an attack by the other countries because of the promise made by the Austrians to attack France if the Royal Family was killed.
Sans-cullotes
Regular commoners of France, worked with their hands, killed the prisoners in the September Massacres
Committee of Public Safety
Established and led by Robespierre, fixed bread prices and nationalized some businesses. Basically secret police and also controlled the war effort. Instigated the Reign of Terror.
Total war
A war that involves the complete mobilization of resources and people, affecting the lives of all citizens in the warring countries, even those remote from the battlefields.
Reign of Terror 1793-1794
Robespierre used revolutionary terror to solidify the home front, in special courts rebels and enemies of the nation were tried for political crimes.
Nationalism
The ideology that your national culture and interests are superior to any other.
Thermidorian Reaction
The name given to the reaction against the radicalism of the French Revolution. It is associated with the end of the Reign of Terror and reassertion of bourgeoisie power in the Directory.
The Directory
1785-1799. Five man group. Passed a new constitution in 1795 that was much more conservative. Corrupt and did not help the poor, but remained in power because of military strength. By 1797 it was a dictatorship.
Napoleon Bonaparte
This was a military leader that took control of France in 1800, establishing an empire over the next two decades.
Napoleon's domestic policy
Creates banks, and heals relations with the catholic church, lycee system of education payed for by government, napoleonic code
Civil Code of 1804
also known as the Napoleonic Code, it safeguarded property, limited the rights of employees and women and centralized law of France
Concordat of 1801
The agreement between Pope Pius VII and Napoleon that healed the religious division in France by giving the French Catholics free practice of their religion and Napoleon political power
Napoleon's foreign policy
He did not want Germany to be unified. Lead France to in the Franco-Prussian War which he lost. And the Crimeon War, which was the most unnessaccary war in history.
Treaty of Amiens
The Napoleonic wars had reached a point where France and England concluded that further fighting was useless. Under the terms of the treaty, all of England's conquests were surrendered to France, but Napoleon Bonaparte waited on signing because he still h
Battle of Trafalgar
A 1805 navy battle in which Napoleon's forces were defeated by a British fleet.
Battle of Austerlitz
decisive battle during the Napoleonic campaigns (1805) where Napoleon defeated a combined force or Russians, Prussians and Austria-Hungarians.
The continental system
Napoleon cut off all trade with Great Britain to try and make Europe more self-sufficient, an economic blockade of Britain.
Louis XVIII
This was the king of France before and after Napoleon's exile. Was restored to the throne after Napoleon was defeated.
Waterloo
The battle on 18 June 1815 in which Napoleon met his final defeat, Located in Belgium, the British army and the Prussian army forces attacked the French. Napoleon's final defeat against the British and Prussians
Hundred Days
The brief period during 1815 when Napoleon made his last bid for power, deposing the French King and again becoming Emperor of France
Grand Arme�
Napoleon's renamed army after 1805. At its largest in 1812 it numbered over 600,000 men, among them Poles, Italians, Swiss and Bavarians.
Napoleon's downfall
Failure of continental system, peninsular war, invasion of Russia (because of scorched-earth policy), ego and hunger for more power, overconfidence, coalition of other European countries