Rembrandt van RiJn
� 1606-1669
� Greatest Dutch artist of the seventeenth century
� Interested by human character, emotion, and self-revelation
� Painted portraits of wealthy middle class merchants
� Painted The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Tulp in 1632
� Drew human bodies through
Scientific Revolution
� 16th and 17th Centuries
� A period of new scientific inquiry, experimentation, and discovery
� Tested the limits of ancient knowledge
� Sought explanations for contradictions
� Materialistic and Mathematical
o Calculation replaces common sense
o Earthly
Nicolaus Copernicus
� 1473-1543
� Studied in Poland
� Sun-centered universe
� On the Revolution of the Heavenly Spheres, 1543
� Circular Orbit
Tycho Brahe
� 1546-1601
� Studied Astronomy is Denmark
� Discovered Nova, Comet
o Challenged Crystalline Theory of universe
� Sun-centered universe, with all planets orbiting earth
Johannes Kepler
� 1571-1630 German
� Mathematician, Astronomer, Astrologer, believed Copernicus and confirmed heliocentric theory
� Discovered that planets orbit the sun in elliptical path
� Discovered precise mathematical relationship between speed with which a planet r
Galileo Galilei
� Italian, 1564-1642
� Created telescope by using magnifying lenses and long tube
� Discovered four moons of Jupiter, giving evidence that celestial bodies didn't revolve around Earth
� Wrote A Dialogue Between the Two Great Systems of the World in 1633
�
Hermes Trismegistus
� Supposed Egyptian, lived during 2nd Century BC
� Influential mystical traditions
� Believed in universal spirit present everywhere
� Taught high magic and alchemy
Paracelsus
� Swiss Alchemist, 1493-1541
� Believed matter composed of three principles; salt, sulfur, and mercury
� Discovered disease had its own cause and cure, prescribed ingestion of distilled metals
� Influential to new medicine ideas and chemistry
alchemy
� The use and study of metal through means of purification by fire to find 'essence'
� Belief that matter could be understood and transformed
Robert Boyle
� English 1627-1691, wrote "The Skeptical Chymist" 1661
� Rejected Aristotelian and Paracelsian views / 4 humors and 3 principles
� Developed Boyle's Law (V/P) and the air pump
� Favored atomic explanation of particles
Andreas Vesalius
� Belgian Doctor, 1514-1564
� Published earliest anatomical drawings 1543
� Blood originated in liver, passed through heart through mysterious pores (later defined as Capillaries by Marcello Malpighi)
� Physician to Charles V
William Harvey
� English, 1578-1657
� Discovered heart's function as a pump
� Discovered heart's chambers
� Reasoned that blood circulated the entire body
Sir Isaac Newton
� English, 1643-1727
� Mathematician, physician, and astronomer
� United physics and astronomy
� Developed calculus, created laws of motion, inertia, composition of light, built reflecting telescope, universal law of gravitation
� Studied in the Royal Soc
Francis Bacon
� English, 1561-1626; believed in manipulating nature to discover new ideas
� Not a scientist, but a propagandist
� Pushed importance of research, developed scientific method in "Advancement of Learning" 1605
� Inspired others to pursue new science
Rene Descartes
� French philosopher and mathematician (1596-1650), proved Galileo's views through math
� "Discourse on Method" 1637 skepticism could lead to certainty, "I think therefore I am"
� Known as the "Father of Modern Philosophy"
� Invented the Cartesian coordin
Flyboats
� Dutch innovation in shipbuilding
� Cheap to build and manned by small crews
� Greatly increased ability for international trade
� Sacrificed mobility in order to carry larger loads
Triangular Trade
� Trade among three separate ports
� Rectified trade imbalances
� Allowed trading for necessities
� Example: British goods--->African Slaves--->West Indian Sugar; matched supply and demand instead of meeting surplus
giro banking
� Italian, early form of checking with bills of transfer
� Money is stored in an account
� Got rid of need for bullion being carried
� Easier and safer
Bills of Exchange
� Basic form of checking, replaced precious metals, uniformly accepted
� Had the disadvantage that the account may be empty by the time the bill was cashed
� Used in the giro banking system
Bank of England
� Formed in 1694
� Solved problems with bills of exchange, had security of payment because it was backed by certain taxes
� Helped during Industrial Revolution to supply capital to entrepreneurs
� Put out uniform currency by buying bills at discount�payin
calicoes
� Popular light cotton cloth
� Traded from India to Europe
Mercantilism
� More money = more power
� Limited amount of money in the world
� Wanted as big a 'piece of the pie' as possible
� Colonies are solely for the mother country
� Tariffs and taxes
monopoly
� When one company controls most or all of the trade in a good
� Good for mercantilism
� Often supported by governments Ex. Dutch East India Company
� Ex. Hanseatic League
joint-stock company
� Sold shares in a business to raise funds
� Shareholders rule company, share profits
� Was a way to found colonies in the New World
Navigation Acts
� English economic legislation
� Stated that English goods could only be transported on English ships
� Was for mercantilism
� Major cause of dissent in Britain's New World colonies
tariffs
� Import taxes making foreign goods cost more
� Supposed to make citizens buy their own state's goods
� Large aspect of mercantilism
Treaty of Nijmengen
� Ended mercantile wars between France and an alliance of Brandenburg, the Holy Roman Empire, Spain, and the Netherlands
� Signed in 1678
balance of power
� Distribution of power among nations in an alliance
� Was meant so that one nation could not dominate the others
Nine Years' War
� Distribution of power among nations in an alliance
� Was meant so that one nation could not dominate the others
War of Spanish Succession
� Caused by conflict over Spanish heir
� William III of England reformed the Grand Alliance against France and Spain
� England and Holland provided navy and money
� Ended by Treaty of Utrecht
Treaty of Utrecht
� Ended War of Spanish of Succession
� Created quarter-century of peace in Europe
� Resolved a number of trading issues, all favoring Britain
Seven Years' War
� War over colonies all around the world
� Between England and France
� Took place in North American mainland, west Indian sugar plantations, and eastern India
� Britain is overall victor, eventually became global imperial power
Peace of Paris
� France gave Britain Canada for return of west Indian islands
� Stopped France's ascendancy
� Made in 1763
Cartesianism
� Derived by Rene Descartes
� Rested on the dual existence of matter and mind
� Matter was subject to the mathematical laws
� Mind was the spirit of the creator
entrep�t
� Created by the Dutch
� Place where goods were brought for storage before being traded
Neoplatonism
� Supporters believed world was composed of ideas and forms hidden by physical properties
� Architect of universe possessed sprit of geometrician
� Created an impetus for mathematical studies of scientists
� Very important to astronomers