Henry Grady
managing editor of Atlanta Constitution; leading advocate of a "New South;" promoted industrial development with Atlanta as its center of growth.
New South
The original use of the term "New South" was an attempt to describe the rise of a South after the Civil War which would no longer be dependent on now-outlawed slave labor or predominantly upon the raising of cotton, but rather a South which was also indus
James Buchanan Duke
Formed the American Tabacco Company, controlled 90% of the cigarette market
American Tobacco Company
controlled 90% of the nations cigarette production in 1890 and about three-fourths of all tobacco production in 1904; broken up in 1911 for violating the Sherman Anti-Trust Act
sharecropping
system in which landowners leased a few acres of land to farmworkers in return for a portion of their crops
tenancy
An ownership interest in land in which a lessee or a tenant holds real property by some form of title from a lesser or landlord. Many farmers became bankrupt under Tenancy.
crop lien system
System that allowed farmers to get more credit. They used harvested crops to pay back their loans.
Redeemers
white Democrats who used their political power to oppress the Black community
poll tax
tax required before a person can vote
Mississippi Plan
1890 - In order to vote in Mississippi, citizens had to display the receipt which proved they had paid the poll tax and pass a literacy test by reading and interpreting a selection from the Constitution. Prevented blacks, who were generally poor and unedu
Grandfather Clause
A clause in registration laws allowing people who do not meet registration requirements to vote if they or their ancestors had voted before 1867.
Jim Crow
Laws written to separate blacks and whites in public areas/meant African Americans had unequal opportunities in housing, work, education, and government
separate, but equal
Principle upheld in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) in which the Supreme Court ruled that segregation of public facilities was legal.
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
Separate but equal doctrine created. Race-based segregation is constitutional
Ida B. Wells
Women activist who lead the lynching act
Booker T. Washington
African American progressive who supported segregation and demanded that African American better themselves individually to achieve equality.
W.E.B. Du Bois
believed that African Americans should strive for full rights immediatly;founded the NAACP
Atlanta Compromise
Major speech on race-relations given by Booker T. Washington addressing black labor opportunities, and the peril of whites ignoring black injustice
Great American Desert
The vast arid territory that included the Great Plains, the Rocky Mountains, and the Western Plateau. Known as this before 1860.
Exodusters
African Americans who moved from post reconstruction South to Kansas.
Forty-niners
People who went to California looking for Gold (They left in 1849)
hydraulic mining
the use of powerful jets of water to break apart earth and find gold
Woodruff v. North Bloomfield (1884)
Woodruff sued because the state was polluting the fertile land. Woodruff won and it was the first environmental act in America
Indian Peace Commission
Proposed creating 2 large reservations on the Plains, one for the Sioux & another for the Plains Indians
George A. Custer
U.S. General. Commanded his army at Battle of Little Big Horn. He lost and was killed.
Battle of the Little Big Horn
1876 - General Custer and his men were wiped out by a coalition of Sioux and Cheyenne Indians led by Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse.
Chief Joseph
leader of the Nez Perce in their retreat from United States troops (1840-1904)
Geronimo
Apache chieftain who raided the white settlers in the Southwest as resistance to being confined to a reservation (1829-1909)
Battle of Wounded Knee
US soldiers massacred 300 unarmed Native American in 1890. This ended the Indian Wars.
Gustavus Swift
In the 1800s he enlarged fresh meat markets through branch slaughterhouses and refrigeration. He monopolized the meat industry.
barbed wire
Used to fence in land on the Great Plains, eventually leading to the end of the open frontier.
Fence-Cutters' War
Violent conflict in Texas, 1883-84, between large and small cattle ranchers over access to grazing land.
Homestead Act of 1862
this allowed a settler to acquire 160 acres by living on it for five years, improving it and paying about $30
Dawes Severalty Act of 1887
dissolved legal entities of all tribes but if Indians were "good" (farmers), they could get full U.S. citizenship in 25 yrs + full title to holdings
Newlands Reclamation Act (1901)
used state funding to build dams out west
sodhouse
house built out of mud and held together by grass roots
Code of the West
informal rules of behavior and conduct for survival, never written, but respected everywhere on the range
Frederick Jackson Turner
American historian who said that humanity would continue to progress as long as there was new land to move into. The frontier provided a place for homeless and solved social problems.
Burke Act of 1906
Granted full citizenship to any Indian who took up life apart from their tribes in another effort to "Americanize" Indians.