spinning jenny
invention that improved thread production
capital
supply of money
industrial capitalism
economic system based on industrial production
steam engine
machine powered by coal, making it possible to locate factories anywhere
enclosure movement
the fencing of meadows and fields, which kept peasants from using them
The Industrial Revolution started in Britian partly bc its rivers provided
transportation and power
Why did production expand greatly during the Industrial Revolution?
coal was needed to produce iron and to run steam engines
How did the railroads guarantee the success of the Industrial Revolution?
goods could be moved faster from the factories to the places they would be sold
Industrialization spread rapidly in both Europe and the United States thanks to
railroads
How did Industrialization create new social classes as well as the conditions for the development of socialism?
bad working conditions created a working class
French Liberals overthrew the monarchy of Charles X and replaced him with Louis-Philippe because they
wanted to change the government to a constitutional monarchy
After Louis-Philippe gave up his throne in the revolution of 1848,
the monarchy ended
How did the revolts in France affect other countries of Europe?
France's revolts led other countries to demand change as well
What did the Austrian government want to do after agreeing to make reforms?
take back control of the nations in its empire
Why did Italians feel strongly about their nationalist ideas?
All Italy was controlled by foreign rule
What led to the end of the Concert of Europe?
crimean war
Prussia was known for its reliance on
militarism
Alexander II of Russia issued which edict which freed the serfs
emancipation
In the United States, which movement challenged the Southern way of life
abolitionist
William I of Prussia was proclaimed what of the Second German Empire in 1871
kaiser
two leaders of italian unification were
Cavour and Garibaldi
Great britain experienced stability partly because it
gave the industrial middle class the vote
when Louis Napoleon assumed the title of Napoleon III, Emperor of France, he
controlled the armed forces, police, and civil service
Hungary and Austria shared the same
monarch
Federalists and Republicans disagreed about
how much power the federal government should have
Spanish and Portuguese officials who resided temporarily in Latin America
peninsulares
guarantee by the united states to protect latin america from europe
monroe doctrine
leaders of newly formed latin america republics
caudillos
leader of slave revolt in haiti
toussaint- louverture
mexican reform leader
benito juarez
Revolutionary leaders in Latin America were inspired by
the american revolution
Jose de San Martin and Simon Bolivar led South American independence movements against
Spain
The new republican government struggled because
they had no experience with self rule
Spanish and Portuguese colonial empires were weakened when
Napoleon overthrew their monarchies in Europe
Because they devoted their economies to exporting cash crops, latin American countries
were dependent upon foreigners for manufactured goods
Louis Pasteur proposed
the germ theory of disease
The Industrial Revolution increased people's interest in
scientific research
Romantic painters aimed to
mirror the artist's imagination
The realist novels of Flaubert and Dickens
criticized aspects of 19th century life