what is an indirect democracy?
subset of elected representatives that makes most of the political descions
what is an example of an indirect democracy?
Roman empire
what is direct democracy?
people vote directly, there are no representatives
what is an example of direct democracy?
athens
how is indirect democracy different from direct democracy?
in indirect democracy people elect people to vote for them, in direct democracy, people vote directly
what is a republic?
elect the officials that are going to pass the laws and make the laws. the roman republic was the closest to our government
who is Pericles?
famous ruler in athens who strengthened Greek democracy by increasing the number of paid public officials and paid jurors
how did Pericles expand democracy?
he supported democratic reform and wanted to change balance of power between rich and poor and allowed poor citizens to participate in government
who is Justinian?
Justinian, ruled the Byzantine Empire and reconquered the western half of the historical Roman Empire and created a law code
what did Justinian contribute to the written law?
he contributed the code of Justinian which was a set of laws that governed the people
what is the heliocentric theory?
the sun is the center of the universe and the planets are orbiting around it
who proposed the heliocentric theory?
Nicholas Copernicus
who was Francis Bacon?
An english philosopher, scientist and author who promoted inductive reasoning and scientific method
what is the law of the universal gravitation?
states that any two bodies in the universe attract each other with a force that is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of distance between them
what is the scientific revolution?
emergence of modern science in the 1600s during the beginning of the modern period when developments in mathematics physics, astronomy, biology and chemistry transformed the views of society and nature
enlightenment
idea of science and progress science & religion are secular
Montesquieu
-admired english constitutionalism and seperation of powers, checks and balances
- wrote spirit of the law: used scientific inquiry to understand the evolution of state
John Locke
believed that human nature were generally good, he wanted people to have power over government, there are certain rights you are born with
Thomas Hobbes
believed that people are born evil and selfish, believed in absolute monarchy, believed that people had to give up rights to keep order in society, believed government contained all the power
-wrote "Leviathan
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
believed that civilization was corrupted
- a loner who quarreled with other philosophers
-"men are born free yet everywhere are in chains
Voltaire
supported enlightened despotism, waned strong minded powerful leader, against church, wants freedom of speech
declaration of independence
written by Thomas Jefferson
-stated our rights, life, liberty and pursuit of happiness
bill of rights
first ten amendments to the US Constitution which protect citizens' basic rights and freedoms
- freedom of speech, limited government
-major philosophers supported the bill of rights
old regime
old society in France before the revolution ruled by monarchs= king and queen
-
first estate
-roman catholic clergy
-owned 10% of the land but paid few taxes
-scorned Enlightement ideas
second estate
rulers paid little to no taxes,
nobles
third esate
peasants
-paid the majority of taxes
bourgeoisie
working class
the peasants
unfair treatment, paid most of the taxes
Louis XVI
weak leader, absolute monarch
Marie Antoinette
Queen of France, wife of Louis XVI who was unpopular her extravagance and opposition to reform contributed to the overthrow of the monarchy; she was guillotined along with her husband (1755-1793)
estates general
met to talk after 75 years to talk about the national assembly and the revolution and the potential threat
national assembly
does not involve the catholic church, took away 10% of the land which upset the peasants of France
who formed the national assembly and what did it cause?
second and third estate
-caused the revolution
tennis court oath
solemn promise of national assembly, would not leave until king signed a promise to write constitution
bastille day
storming of the bastille prison
first violent attack
great fear
-peasants attack nobles
- time of panic
-forced the nobles to flee into hiding
declaration of the rights of man
sums up all values of the enlightenment, individual rights, no taxes without consent, protection of property, men are born free
what is the slogan of the revolution?
liberty, equality and perpetuity for enternity
who organized reign of terror?
Robes Pierre
reign of terror
targeted to those who are considered disloyal to revolution, committe of public safety carried this out, no one was considered safe
who killed Robes Pierre?
other revolutionaries
the Guillotine
method of execution
Napoleon
defends revolution, seizes the government, rose to power, becomes the emperor of France
what did Napoleon do?
known for the Napoleonic code, code of laws he developed
coup d' etat
seizing power
plebiscite
popular vote, popular election
lycee
second level of schooling
concordat
the agreement between Napoleon and the church (Pope) so that the church can continue to practice their religion
- churches are open again
Napoleonic code
most famous achievement of Napoleon that was brought to Louisiana territory
louisiana terrritory
selling the land to Thomas Jefferson
battle of Trafalgar
naval battle in 1805 between the French navy and the British navy
what were the consequences of the battle?
could no longer conquer France
continental system
tarde embargo against britain, britain will be forced to negotiate
what were the results of the continental system?
britain puts up its own embargo, fails a victory for the British
peninsular war
war in Spain, Napoleon went into Spain because Portugal is not accepting the agreement of continental changes, Portugal was still trading with Britain, weakens the French and losses a ton of people
Napoleon's invasion of russia
lose of power, Russians were smuggling good to Great Britain, he lost most of his army
where was Napoleon exiled to?
the island of Elba
scorched-earth policy
burned the land so the army didnt have supplies
Waterloo
napoleon is defeated by the British
hundred days
Napoleon was at large for 100 days and then was exiled
congress of vienna
goal is to maintain balance of power
-defeat of Napoleon
-France was isolated
Klemons von Metternich
had most influence at Vienna and is very considerate, wanted to return the princess and hierarchy, hated the French revolution
balance of power
balancing and equalizing the powers
legitimacy
bring back of kings and queens
industrial revolution
great increase in manufacturing, new inventions, agriculture, enclosure, land labor capital
factors of production
land, labor and capital
first country to industrialize
Great Britain
what were industrial consequences?
child labor, bad environment, bad living conditions
Adam Smith
father of capitalist ideas
what were the concepts that Adam Smith associated with?
compete with other buisnesses
what political philosophy is Karl Marx associated with?
capitalism
laissez-faire
let it be, capitalism should not interfere
union
organization of workers, purpose to improve way of life
collective bargaining
workers working together
what reforms did chartists want?
universal male suffrage
what was Queen's victoria's relationship with parliament?
she had no political power but more symbolic then powerful
Alfred Dreyfus
french military officer
what was Alfred Dreyfus accused of?
selling military secrets to the Germans, an example shows anti semitism
inequality
countries who industrialized, powerful, wealthy, and dominate imperialism
who invented the assembly line?
Henry Ford
Louis Pasteur
began pasteurization of milk through boil
what was Louis Pastur's contribution to medicine?
discovered bacteria
evolution
charles darwin said that everything evolves over a life time
natural selection
those who can adapt better in nature succeed
what was the Sepoy mutiny
indians attacked, britian takes command in India
Ram Mohun Roy
famous nationalist, favored getting rid of old customs
-"we have to reform and modernize
Great Trek
A migration of Dutch colonists out of British-controlled territory in South Africa during the 1830s.
who went on the Great Trek?
Boers moving inland
Berlin conference
great conference led by Bismark,
what was the result of the Berlin conference
africa will be divided in a rational way
Raj
british government in India
Boers
dutch settlers
militarism
building armies
total war
everyone is involved
what was the powder keg of Europe?
the Balkans
what was the Schlieffen plan?
battle of the marne, war was going to be a stablemate
what was trench warfare meant to accomplish?
prevent from injury, goal was to not get shot
agriculture revolution
greater production, new wealthy land owners, people moved into cities