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absolute monarch

a ruler that has unlimited power and authority over his or her people

divine right

the belief that a ruler's authority comes directly from God

Charles V

King of Spain (as Charles I); Holy Roman Emperor (as Charles V); from 1519 to 1558; his opposition to the Protestant Reformation embroiled Spain in a series of wars throughout his reign. (p. 536

peace of augsburg

an agreement between states in the Holy Roman Empire that gave each German prince the right to decide whether his state would be Catholic or Protestant

Phillip II

King of Spain (1556-1598), Naples from (554-1598), and Portugal (1580-1598); he led Roman Catholic efforts to recover parts of Europe from Protestantism. He was defeated by England and the Netherlands.

el greco

Greek painter in Spain; chiefly religious in nature, his works express the spirit of the Counter, or Catholic, Reformation.

diego velazquez

Spanish painter; he painted in a realistic style but also worked in impressionism towards the end of his career.

Miguel de Cervantes

Spanish novelist, dramatist, and poet; he wrote Don Quixote de la Mancha

sister juana ines de la cruz

Mexican nun and poet; she wrote poetry, prose, and plays

spanish armada

a great fleet (130 ships and 20,000 men) assembled by Spain in 1588 for an invasion of England

huguenot

a French Protestant

Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre

August 24, 1572; a massacre of 6,000 to 8,000 Huguenots in Paris authorized by King Charles IX and his mother Catherine de M�dici

Henry IV

King of France from 1589 to 1610; he issued the Edict of Nantes (1598), which permitted Protestant worship, in order to restore peace to France.

edict of nantes

a declaration of French king Henry IV in which he promised that Protestants could live peacefully in France and were free to establish houses of worship in selected French cities

Louis XIII

weak ruler with cardinal richelieu as is advisor

Cardinal Richelieu

French minister and chief minister of King Louis XIII; he wanted to strengthen the monarchy and fought against Huguenot resistance to the Catholic monarchy

war of the spanish succession

war fought over the Spanish throne; Louis XIV wanted it for his son and fought a war against the Dutch, English, and the Holy Roman Empire to gain the throne for France

treaty of Utrecht

treaty that ended the War of the Spanish Succession; it gave the throne to Louis XIV's grandson but also stated that France and Spain would never be ruled by the same monarch

Louis XIV

King of France from 1643 to 1715; known as the Sun King, he built the palace at Versailles as a means to consolidate absolute power; a series of wars at the end of his long reign drained France's wealth

puritans

English Protestants of the late 1500s and most of the 1600s who wanted to "purify" the Church of England through reforms

Charles I

King of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 1625 to 1649; his conflict with Parliament started the English Civil War. He was beheaded in 1649

royalists

supporters of government by a monarch; used as a name for supporters of England's King Charles I

oliver cromwell

Lord Protector of England; in 1642 he led Parliament's forces in deposing King Charles I; he became ruler of England in 1653

commonwealth

a republican government based on the common good of all the people

restoration

the period of the reign of Charles II in England when the monarchy was restored after the collapse of Oliver Cromwell's government; there was also a rebirth of English culture during this time

Charles II

King of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 1660 to 1685 and eldest son of King Charles I; he was asked by Parliament to rule England after the death of Oliver Cromwell.

william and mary

King William III (1650-1702) and Queen Mary II (1662-1694), rulers of Great Britain who replaced King James II as a result of the Glorious Revolution.

glorious revolution

a nonviolent revolution in which leaders of Britain's Parliament invited Mary, daughter of King James II, and her husband, the Dutch ruler William of Orange, to replace King James II

constitutional monarchy

a monarchy limited by certain laws

boyars

wealthy Russian landowners

czar

caesar"; title taken by the ruler of Russia

Ivan IV

Grand duke of Russia and the first Russian ruler to assume to title of czar; also known as Ivan the Terrible. He instituted a campaign of terror against disfavored boyars. He killed his son, leaving no heir to the throne

peter the great

Czar of Russia from 1682 to 1725; he transformed Russia into a modern state. He was an absolute monarch who brought the ways of Western Europe to Russia and made various reforms.

westernization

the adoption of the culture and ideas of Western society, namely Europe and America

Catherine the Great

Czarina of Russia from 1762 to 1796; ruling with absolute power, she introduced a number of reforms that extended Peter the Great's policy of "westernization

Thirty Year's war

a conflict in Europe that began in Prague as a Protestant rebellion against the Holy Roman Empire; fought over religion and power among ruling dynasties

treaty of westphalia

treaty ending the Thirty Years' War; it reduced the power of the Holy Roman Emperor; it extended religious toleration to Protestants and Catholics within most of the empire

maria theresa

Austrian archduchess, queen of Bohemia and Hungary from 1740 to 1780; she took the throne after the War of the Austrian Succession. She was one of the most beloved monarchs in the history of Austria

frederick the great

King of Prussia from 1740 to 1786; through victories in a series of wars with Austria, Prussia's main rival for dominance among the German states, Frederick made Prussia a major European power in the late 1700s