nicholas II
Last tsar of Russia, he went to the frontlines in WWI to try to rally the troops, but was forced to abdicate after his wife made horrible decisions under the influence of Rasputin.
duma
The elected parliament. Though through establishing this is seemed like the Czar was giving his people power, in reality he could easily get rid of this if they made any laws or such that he didn't like.
progressive bloc
Called for a completely new government in Russia that responded to the Duma and not the Tsar. It was an alliance of political parties
february revolution
the revolution against the Czarist government which led to the abdication of Nicholas II and the creation of a provisional government in March 1917
petrograd soviet
The council led by moderate Marxist Mensheviks and Socialist Revolutionaries, which opposed and rivaled the Provisional government. Leon Trotsky became chairman in 1917.
order number one
issued by the soviet on march 1 1917. claimed for the Petrograd Soviet the authority to cancel orders of the provisional government on military matters and called for the election of soldiers' committees in every unit.
bolsheviks
Radical Marxist political party founded by Vladimir Lenin in 1903. Under Lenin's leadership, the Bolsheviks seized power in November 1917 during the Russian Revolution.
april thesis
Created by Lenin because of the complacency of revolutionaries. This called for:
1) The proletariat and the peasants to bring about the communist revolution
2) immediate peace
3) seizure of the gentry land
4) all power to the soviets
5) seizure of factori
july days
refers to events in 1917 that took place in Petrograd, Russia, between July 4 and 7 July, when soldiers and industrial workers in the city rioted against the Russian Provisional Government. Most significantly, the outcome of the July Days represented a te
kerensky
Russian revolutionary who was head of state after Nicholas II abdicated but was overthrown by the Bolsheviks (1881-1970)
kornilov affair
in late 1917 Kerensky's commander in chief, General Laver Kornolov led a feeble attack against the provincial government in September; his forces were quickly defeated.
october revolution
the coup d'etat by the Bolsheviks under Lenin in November 1917 that led to a period of civil war which ended in victory for the Bolsheviks in 1922
red terror
officially began in September 1918, following attempts on the lives of several Bolshevik leaders, including Lenin. Government decrees gave the Cheka almost unlimited authority and set up forced labor camps to incarcerate those considered enemies.
communist party
a political party practicing the ideas of Karl Marx and V.I. Lenin; originally the Russian Bolshevik Party. One class would evolve, property would all be held in common, and there would be no need for government; the central government directs all major e
joseph stalin
Russian leader who succeeded Lenin as head of the Communist Party and created a totalitarian state by purging all opposition (1879-1953)
five year plan
Stalin's economic policy to rebuild the Soviet economy after WWI. tried to improve heavy industry and improve farm output, but resulted in famine
treaty of versailles
the treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which demanded exorbitant reparations from the Germans
little entente
This alliance joined Czechoslovakia, Romania, and Yugoslavia against defeated and bitter Hungary. France was also closely associated with this alliance
sinn fein
an Irish republican political movement founded in 1905 to promote independence from England and unification of Ireland
german inflation
Caused by reparations payments and the French invasion of the Ruhr. American dollar was worth more than 800 million German marks. Not a disaster for everyone, but another trauma for the middle and lower middle class.
dawes plan
A plan to revive the German economy, the United States loans Germany money which then can pay reparations to England and France, who can then pay back their loans from the U.S. This circular flow of money was a success.
churchill
British Prime Minister who opposed the policy of appeasement and led Great Britain through World War II
dadaism
replaced logic with illogic, had a basis of expressionism, there is no truth and order to things, nothing makes any sense. Dali
mussolini
founded fascism and ruled Italy for almost 21 years, most of that time as dictator. He dreamed of building Italy into a great empire, but he led his nation to defeat in World War II (1939-1945) and was executed by his own people.
fascists
members of a political party in Italy who preached that the nation and the race were more important then the individual
emmanuel II
The king of Piedmont-Sardinia (a constitutional monarchy), he named Count Cavour prime minister in 1852 and became the first leader of a unified Italy (as we know today).
adolf hitler
This dictator was the leader of the Nazi Party. He believed that strong leadership was required to save Germanic society, which was at risk due to Jewish, socialist, democratic, and liberal forces.