Congress of Vienna
This was the meeting between the Quadruple Alliance in order to formulate a peace agreement and to balance the victories of the Napoleonic wars
At the Congress of Vienna (1815) Britain, Prussia, Russia, and Austria attempted to
establish a balance of power in Europe
Who dealt with France moderately in the Congress of Vienna?
Quadruple Alliance
What Countries make up the Quadruple Alliance?
Britain, Prussia, Russia, and Austria
Who formed the Holy Alliance in 1815?
Austria, Russia, and Prussia
Who organized the intervention of Austrian and French troops to destroy revolutionary governments in Spain and Sicily?
Klemens von Metternich
Klemens von Metternich
Austrian foreign minister and leader of the Congress of Vienna
What did Metternich's Carlsbad Decrees require the members of the German Confederation?
to root out subversive ideas in their newspapers and universities
Where was Metternich born?
the landed nobility of the Rhineland
What did Metternich came to symbolize?
the conservative reaction to the French Revolution
As a leader of the Austrian Empire, which included many different nationalities, Metternich could only fear ?
the rise of nationalism in Europe
Whom was Metternich was supported by iIn his efforts to hold back liberalism and nationalism?
the Russian Empire and, to a lesser extent, by the Ottoman Empire.
The principle ideas of liberalism:
liberty and equality (not defeated by the settlement of 1815)
Liberalism faced more _________in the early nineteenth century
radical ideological competitors
After 1815, liberalism came to be identified with
the class interests of the capitalists
What did nationalist agrue?
each people had their own mission and cultural unity
Who sought to turn cultural unity into political unity and national independence?
Nationalists
The rise of industrial and urban society required :
common culture and common language, leading to standardization in these areas
Much of _______national culture was actually invented by nationalists.
traditional
In the early 1800s, nationalism was generally linked to _______
liberal republican ideology
Most early nationalists believed that every nation had the right to exist in
freedom and develop its character and spirit
Early nationalist stressed
the differences among people
French Utopian Socialism generally included the ideas of:
government planning of the economy (the Jacobin example), greater economic equality, and state regulation of property
Important early socialists include:
Henri St. Simon, Charles Fourier,Louis Blanc,and Pierre Joseph Proudhon
proletariat
Marx's term for the exploited class, the mass of workers who do not own the means of production
Karl Marx
the last of the classical economists," influenced strongly by David Ricardo and his "iron law of wages" ; thinking built on the philosophy of Hegel
Karl Marx (1818-1883) predicted the proletariat (workers) would
overthrow capitalists in a violent revolution
The Romantics
focused on the spiritual and emotional life of the individual; were drawn to nature; broke with classicism's rationality and order in favor of emotion
Romantic historical studies promoted
the growth of national aspirations
Who was the first country where romanticism emerged fully in literature?
Britain
Who encouraged the repudiation of classical models?
French romantics
Where did romanticism and nationalism reinforced each other?
Central and Eastern Europe
Eug�ne Delacroix
French painter and master of dramatic, colorful scenes that stirred emotions; cosmopolitan, wen to remote and exotic areas to paint; supported revolutions. "the greatest French romantic painter".
Holy Alliance
This was the alliance between Austria Prussia and Russia on the crusade against the ideas and politics of the dual revolution.
Turkish refusal led to
armed conflict and the declaration of Greece's independence by the Great Powers in 1830
In 1827, the Great Powers tried to force Turkey to
accept an armistice with the Greeks
In 1815, Tories passed Corn Laws to
protect big landholding aristocracy from imports of foreign grain
In the face of resulting protests, Tories suspended ________ and ________
habeas corpus; right of assembly
Battle of Peterloo
demonstrated the government's determination to repress dissent
Reform Bill of 1832 enfranchised
many more voters
The Chartists pushed for
universal male suffrage
Tories competed for working-class support with Whigs by?
passing factory reform bills
What factors led to famine in Ireland between 1845 and 1851?
dependence on the potato for food, a potato blight, and gross exploitation of the peasants by absentee Protestant landlords
Who took little action to save the starving in Ireland?
the government
_________ emigrants fled the famine between 1845 and 1851
at least a million
The Great Famine intensified
anti-British feeling and promoted Irish nationalism
Louis XVIII's Constitutional Charter of 1814
basically a liberal constitution, but it was not democratic
Charles X
wanted to repudiate the Charter and, in 1830, used a military adventure in Algeria to rally support for his position. took steps to reestablish the old order
Popular reaction forced the collapse of the government and Charles ______.
fled
Louis Philippe
claimed the throne, accepted the Charter, and ruled much as his cousin had
Carlsbad Decrees
extremely repressive laws adopted in 1819 in Prussia and the German Confederation. The decrees were meant to discourage liberal views and movements.
Lord Byron
was an important British Romantic poet. His works include "She walks in Beauty" and the unfinished "Don Juan." Many consider him to embody the spirit of Romanticism. He died from an illness contracted while in Greece, where he was supporting their indepen
After the fall of Louis Philippe, Prussian liberals pressed for
the creation of liberal constitutional monarchy
Urban workers wanted a more radical revolution and the Prussian aristocracy wanted
no revolution at all
A self-appointed group of liberals met in May in Frankfurt to
write a federal constitution for a unified German state
The Assembly was absorbed with
the issue of Schleswig and Holstein
In March 1849, the Assembly completed its draft constitution . Who did they elect for the new emperor of the German national state?
Frederick William of Prussia
Who rejected the Assembly and retook control of the state?
Frederick William