Avignon Papacy
the period of Church history from 1308 to 1378 when the popes lived and ruled in Avignon, France instead of in Rome
Italian City-states
Venice, Milan, Florence, Papal States, Naples
Oligarchy
a political system governed by a few privileged people
Signori
despots who controlled much of Italy by 1300., Lords of Italian cities. As the Italian communes of the 13th century became increasingly fractious, regional nobles saw this friction as politically advantageous and offered to become the lords of the cities.
Girolamo Savonarola
a Dominican friar in Florence who preached against sin and corruption and gained a large following; he expelled the Medici from Florence but was later excommunicated and executed for criticizing the Pope; wanted to overthrow the Medici Dynasty
Individualism
Concern for the capability and uniqueness of the individual personality, a belief in the importance of the individual and the virtue of self-reliance and personal independence
Humanism
an intellectual movement that drove the Renaissance, an intellectual movement at the heart of the Renaissance that focused on education and the classics
Secularism
a doctrine that rejects religion and religious considerations, The emphasis on the here and-now rather than on the spiritual matters
Vernacular
the everyday speech of the people (as distinguished from literary language)
Petrarch
Father of Humanism." studied classical Greek and Latin. introduced emotion in "Sonnets to Laura", (1304-1374) Father of the Renaissance. He believed the first two centuries of the Roman Empire to represent the peak in the development of human civilizatio
Boccaccio
Wrote the "Decameron" which tells about ambitious merchants, protrays a sensual and worldly society.
Castiglione
Book of the Courtier, Wrote The Courtier which was about education and manners and had a great influence. It said that an upper class, educated man should know many academic subjects and should be trained in music, dance, and art.
Niccolo Machiavelli
Italian Renaissance writer and statesman, described government in the way it actually worked (ruthless). He wrote The Prince (the end justifies the mean).
Printing Press
invented by Johann Gutenberg in 1454; first book was Gutenberg Bible; changed private and public lives of Europeans; used for propaganda
Jan Hus
Czechoslovakian religious reformer who anticipated the Reformation; he questioned the infallibility of the Catholic Church was excommunicated (1409) for attacking the corruption of the clergy; he was burned at the stake
Desiderius Erasmus
Dutch humanist and theologian who was the leading Renaissance scholar of northern Europe although his criticisms of the Church led to the Reformation, he opposed violence and condemned Martin Luther. He wrote The Praise of Folly
Thomas More
refused to sign the Act of Succession because he wouldn't recognize Henry VIII as head of the Church and was killed in 1535; wrote Utopia
Northern Renaissance
the movement in Art in Germany and Flanders that reflected greater religious tones; , Emphasized Critical Thinking, Developed Christian Humanism criticizing the church & society, Painting/ Woodcuts/Literature
Italian Renaissance
time of transition from medieval to modern times characterized by intellectual and political expansion as well as the rebirth of culture
Renaissance Art
use of perspective, responded to light/shading, use of geometrical arrangements, religious and everyday situations, active and looked real
Leonardo da Vinci
Italian Renaissance painter, sculptor, engineer, scientist and architect
Raphael
Italian Renaissance painter; he painted frescoes, his most famous being The School of Athens.
Michelangelo
carved David (1501-04) which served as the symbol for the new Republic of Florence., This was an artist who led the way for Renaissance masters from his David sculpture and his painting of the Sistine Chapel ceiling
Martin Luther
German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Chruch. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices.
95 Theses
written by Martin Luther and is widely regarded as the primary catalyst for the Protestant Reformation. It is vitally important to understand that these theses were used for the intent of displaying Luther's displeasure with the Church's indulgences
Diet of Worms
Charles V's assembly of German estates that declared Luther's teachings heretical.
Simony
The selling of church offices.
Nepotism
The practice of rewarding relatives with church positions.
Indulgences
remission of the punishment for sin by the clergy in return for services or payments
Johann Tetzel
northern german clergyman who sold indulgences, representing the spiritual corruption of the church, A rambunctious Dominican, hawked the indulgences in Germany with the slogan "As soon as the coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs.
Transubstantiation
the Roman Catholic doctrine that the whole substance of the bread and the wine changes into the substance of the body and blood of Christ when consecrated in the Eucharist
Peace of Augsburg
A treaty between Charles V and the German Protestant princes that granted legal recognition of Lutheranism in Germany; didn't acknowledge Calvinism
Zwingli
Swiss theologian whose sermons began the Reformation in Switzerland (1484-1531)
Calvinism
the theological system emphasizing omnipotence of God and salvation by grace alone, believed in predestination, that God was all knowing
Anabaptist
rejected infant baptism and believed that a person should choose their own faith.
Henry VIII
King of England from 1509 to 1547; his desire to annul his marriage led to a conflict with the pope, England's break with the Roman Catholic Church, and its embrace of Protestantism. Henry established the Church of England in 1532.
Mary Tudor
Queen who succeeded Edward VI and attempted to return Catholicism to England by persecuting Protestants.
Elizabeth I
English Queen and politique who united Protestants and Catholics through compromise
politique
A ruler who suppresses his or her religious designs for his or her kingdom in favor of political expediency. Examples: Elizabeth I (England), Henry IV (France).
Inquisition
A Roman Catholic tribunal for investigating and prosecuting charges of heresy - especially the one active in Spain during the 1400s.
Ignatius Loyola
Catholic priest that established the Jesuits
Jesuits
The Society of Jesus is a religious order of men within the Roman Catholic Church formed under the inspiration of Ignatius of Loyola
Counter Reformation
the reaction of the Roman Catholic Church to the Reformation reaffirming the veneration of saints and the authority of the Pope (to which Protestants objected)
Council of Trent
The congress of learned Roman Catholic authorities that met intermittently from 1545 to 1563 to reform abusive church practices and reconcile with the Protestants.
Henry IV
Henry of Navarre; was protestant but did not wish to anger catholics. Said "Paris is well worth a mass
Edict of Nantes
decree promulgated by King Henry IV to restore internal peace in France, which had been torn by the Wars of Religion; the edict defined the rights of the French Protestants
Huguenots
French Calvinists, French Protestants. The Edict of Nantes (1598) freed them from persecution in France
Charles V
Holy Roman Emperor that called for the Diet of Worms. He was a supporter of Catholicism and tried to crush the Reformation by use of the Counter-Reformation
Defenestration of Prague
The throwing of Catholic officials from a castle window in Bohemia. Started the Thirty Years' War.
Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre
rioting and slaughter killed Huguenots in France
Philip II
king of Spain and Portugal and husband of Mary Tudor, Spain's financial problems grew as he pursued his leadership position as head of the Counter Reformation. He sent the Spanish Armada against England in 1588, but it ended in disaster.
Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden
Protestant who with his army of 23,000 drove out Hapsburg armies out of northern Germany but was killed in battle in 1632.
Treaty of Westphalia
Ended Thirty Years' War in 1648; granted right to individual rulers within the Holy Roman Empire to choose their own religion-either Protestant or Catholic
Vasco de Gama
A Portuguese sailor who was the first European to sail around southern Africa to the Indian Ocean
Witch hunts
80% were single, widowed, 40+ WOMEN. Up to maybe 100,000 people sentenced to burn for witchcraft. Accused of doing perverted stuff with the devil. Bad reputation from CLERGY. Ended partly because SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION reduced SUPERSTITION.
Absolutism
The theory that the monarch is supreme and can exercise full and complete power unilaterally.
Richelieu
architect of French absolutism who was prominent church official, served as chief minister to King Louis XIII from 1624- 1642, worked to undermine power of nobles and enhance that of the king, built large bureaucracy, attacked French Calvinists
Colbert
a finance minister under Louis XIV that applied mercantilism to France to help increase revenue
The Fronde
a french rebellion that was caused by Mazarin's attempt to increase royal revenue and expand state bureaucracy, caused Louis XIV to distrust the state and turn to absolutism
Peace of Utrecht
Ended Louis XIV's attempts to gain military power and land. Marked the end of French expansionist policy. Ended the War of Spanish Succession.
Constitutionalism
government in which power is distributed and limited by a system of laws that must be obeyed by the rulers
War of Spanish Succession
The war that resulted from the heirless death of Charles II; in order to prevent the union of the French and Spanish crowns, the Grand Alliance declared war on France and the French.
Charles I
son of James I who was King of England and Scotland and Ireland; was deposed and executed by Oliver Cromwell
Puritans
Protestant sect in England hoping to "purify" the Anglican church of Roman Catholic traces in practice and organization.
English Civil War
civil war in England between the Parliamentarians and the Royalists under Charles I
Oliver Cromwell
English general and statesman who led the parliamentary army in the English Civil War (1599-1658); Lord Protector of England
Charles II
King of England and Scotland and Ireland during the Restoration (1630-1685)
James II
closet Catholic, fled to France during Glorious Revolution
William and Mary
King and Queen of England in 1688. With them, King James' Catholic reign ended. As they were Protestant, the Puritans were pleased because only protestants could be office-holders.
Glorious Revolution
In this bloodless revolution, the English Parliament and William and Mary agreed to overthrow James II for the sake of Protestantism. This led to a constitutional monarchy and the drafting of the English Bill of Rights.
English Bill of Rights
To make clear the powers of England's monarchy in 1689, the English Parliament drafted a list of things that they could not do like no taxing without permission from Parliament.
Frederick the Great
king of Prussia from 1740 to 1786; won the War of Austrian Succession
Peter the Great
ruled Russia from 1682 to 1725, wanted closer ties to western europe, modernize and strengthen Russia
Scientific Revolution
the era of scientific thought in Europe during which careful observation of the natural world was made, and accepted beliefs were questioned
Copernicus
Polish astronomer who produced a workable model of the solar system with the sun in the center (1473-1543)
Galileo
Italian astronomer and mathematician who was the first to use a telescope to study the stars; demonstrated that different weights descend at the same rate; perfected the refracting telescope that enabled him to make many discoveries (1564-1642)
Isaac Newton
English scientist; author of Principia Mathematica; drew various astronomical and physical observations and wider theories together in a neat framework of natural laws; established principles of motion and defined forces of gravity.
Deductive reasoning
reasoning in which a conclusion is reached by stating a general principle and then applying that principle to a specific case (The sun rises every morning; therefore, the sun will rise on Tuesday morning.)
Montesquieu
French political philosopher who advocated the separation of executive and legislative and judicial powers (1689-1755)
Rousseau
believed people in their natural state were basically good but that they were corrupted by the evils of society, especially the uneven distribution of property; believed in equality
Voltaire
wrote satires which attacked various aspects of society; Candide, Wrote Philosophic Letters on the English & Treatise on Toleration. He admired the English freedom of the press, and religious toleration. He criticized France because of its royal absolutis
Salons
informal social gatherings at which writers, artists, philosophes, and other exchanged enlightenment ideas
John Locke
English philosopher who advocated the idea of a "social contract" in which government powers are derived from the consent of the governed and in which the government serves the people; also said people have natural rights to life, liberty and property.
Hobbes
English materialist and political philosopher who advocated absolute monarchy as the only kind of government that could resolve problems caused by the selfishness of human beings
Adam Smith
Scottish political economist and philosopher. His Wealth of Nations (1776) laid the foundations of classical free-market economic theory, government should not interfere with economics. Advocates Laissez Faire and founder of "invisible hand
Renaissance
A period of intense artistic and intellectual activity, said to be a 'rebirth' of Greco-Roman culture. Usually divided into an Italian Renaissance, from roughly the mid-fourteenth to mid-fifteenth century, and a Northern Renaissance 1400-1600 (445)
Petrarch
(1304-1374) Father of the Renaissance. He believed the first two centuries of the Roman Empire to represent the peak in the development of human civilization.
Medici
aristocratic Italian family of powerful merchants and bankers who ruled Florence in the 15th century