parlements
..., law courts in France, each being supreme for a certain area of the country. Upheld certain "fundamental laws" which they said the king could not overstep - and they often refused to uphold royal edicts which they declared to be unconstitutional. Bene
estates general
..., France's traditional national assembly with representatives of the three estates, or classes, in French society: the clergy, nobility, and commoners. The calling of the Estates General in 1789 led to the French Revolution.
national assembly
..., French Revolutionary assembly (1789-1791). Called first as the Estates General, the three estates came together and demanded radical change. It passed the Declaration of the Rights of Man in 1789.
doubling of the third estate
...
cahiers de doleances
..., Grievances- Criticized the governtment's wastefullness, indirect taxation, church taxes and corruption, and rights given to the aristocracy. Begin to demand more equal rights.
tennis court oath
..., the national assembly swore to never seperate and to constantly meet until they wrote a fair constitution. it came about because the third estate claimed they were the National Assembly, so they invited people from the other estates to help them writ
civil constitution of the clergy
..., A body of legislation passed in July 1790 that redefined the relationship between the clergy and the state in France. It allowed for the confiscation of church property formerly used to support the clergy, replacing it with a guarantee of state salar
emigres
..., French nobles who fled from France during the peasant uprisings. They were very conservative and hoped to restore the king to power.
declaration of pillnitz
..., This carefully worded statement declared their willingness to intervene in France in certain circumstances and was expected to have a sobering effect on revolutionary France without causing war.
girondists
..., a group of moderates. Felt that the revolution had gone far enough and wanted to protect the wealthy middle class from radical attacks. Organized support to resist strength against the mountain
jacobins
..., Radical republicans during the French Revolution. They were led by Maximilien Robespierre from 1793 to 1794.
sans culottes
..., in the French Revolution, a radical group made up of Parisian wage-earners, and small shopkeepers who wanted a greater voice in government, lower prices, and an end of food shortages
september massacres
..., Louis's imprisonment was followed by the September massacres. Wild stories seized the city that imprisoned counter-revolutionary aristocrats/priests were plotting with the allied invaders. As a results, angry crowds invaded the prisons of Paris and s
olympe de gouges
..., A proponent of democracy, she demanded the same rights for French women that French men were demanding for themselves. In her Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen (1791), she challenged the practice of male authority and the noti
fall of the bastille
..., Hundreds of hungry people stormed the prison in search of gunpowder to save Paris and the National Assembly
great fear
..., The panic and insecurity that struck French peasants in the summer of 1789 and led to their widespread destruction of manor houses and archives.
night of august 4
..., Surrender of most privileges by the French aristocracy at a meeting held in 1789
declaration of the rights of man
..., Statement of fundamental political rights adopted by the French National Assembly at the beginning of the French Revolution.
march of the women
..., the women still demanded bread and food, as well as the departure of the royal family for Paris. Louis XVI reluctantly agreed, and the royal family moved to the Tuileries Palace, the dilapidated Parisian royal residence, where it was essentially unde
national constituent assembly
..., The king eventually gave into the National Assembly and requested that the FIrst and Second Estate to join the National Assembly. This new legislative body was known by this term., The king eventually gave into the National Assembly and requested tha
departments arrondissements
...
assignats
..., In December of 1789 this was a paper currency issued by the Constituent Assembly which had confiscated church property and issued this paper money based on this land. Initially could just by land with it though later it was used as a general currency
the mountain
..., This was a political party within the National Convention named because the people that made up this party sat on the highest benches in the assembly hall. These people were the activists within the Convention. The Mountain worried that the Girondist
levee en masse
..., A national draft in France in 1794, created under the Jacobins, of a citizen army with support from young and old, heralding the emergence of modern warfare.
reign of terror
..., This was the period in France where Robespierre ruled and used revolutionary terror to solidify the home front. He tried rebels and they were all judged severely and most were executed
enrages
..., These were even more extreme than the sans-culottes . They were leftist, extremists in Paris and the provinces who declared that parliamentary methods were useless. Included women. Worked thro-out the whole country. Formed revolutionary armies scouri
cult of supreme being
...
thermidorian reaction
..., extended Political Reign of Terror. Goal was increasingly an ideal democratic republic where justice would reign and there would be neither rich nor poor. their lofty goal was unrestrained despotism and guillotine. In Mar. 1794, to the horror of many
constitution of 1795
..., This constitution was approved by the National Convention in 1795. This constitution stated the need for a Directory (five men leading the assembly), and the end of this constitution in 1799 is recognized as the official end to the Revolution. It was
directory
..., National Convention-middle class writes a constitution in 1795. Elect members of a reorganized legislative assembly-5 man executive. Continued to support French military expansion. Actions reinforced widespread disgust with war and starvation(shown i
whiff of grapeshot
..., when mobs of parisians joined national guardsmen bent on toppling the republic the goverment called on Napoleon to dispell the crowds and he did so with a....in 1795
conspiracy of equals
..., 1796 plot led by Gracchus Babeuf which called for a return to many ideals of the Revolution and an overthrow of the Directory
marseilles
..., a port city in France, where a song was sung to fight against tyranny - now known as the national anthem of this country.
committee of public safety
..., The leaders under Robespierre who organized the defenses of France, conducted foreign policy, and centralized authority during the period 1792-1795.
cult of reason
..., A cult of atheism, advocated by H�bert and his cronies, it reached its apex under the Terror and was eventually driven underground during the Thermidorian Reaction and nearly eradicated by Napoleon's Concordat . It was mostly supported by the sans cu
temple of reason
during the French Revolution, a temple of a new religion created to replace Christianity: the Cult of Reason, which had some Deist ideas, also worshiping a "Supreme Being". This religion was supposed to be universal and to spread the ideas of the revoluti
republic of virtue
..., a speech given by Maximilien Robespierre in 1794. In it, provided his political theory. advocates the use of terror in defending democracy, which he equated with virtue. advocated many of the ideals expressed in the French Constitution of 1793.The "R
dechristianization
..., Movement started by the Herbertists - throught traditional religion was counterrevolutionary so devised program to substitute with new cult. Included a new Revolutionary Calendar. Introduced "Cult of Reason"(1793) and climaxed with ceremony in Notre
turgot
..., LXVI did appoint a reforming ministry. At its head was Turgot, a philosophe and Physiocrat - widely experienced govt administrator. Undertook to suppress guilds, gave freedom to internal commerce in grain, planned to abolish royal corvee and replace
louis xvi
..., - King of France (1774-1792). In 1789 he summoned the Estates-General, but he did not grant the reforms that were demanded and revolution followed. Louis and his queen, Marie Antoinette, were executed in 1793.
jacques necker
..., a Swiss banker who became the new royal director-general of finances. He reported that a large portion of royal expenditures went to pensions for aristocrats and other royal court favorites. This greatly angered court aristocratic circles, and he lef
calonne
..., One in a series of responsble persons who saw the need for financial reform in France(e.g. LXIV, John Law, Maupeou, Turgot and Swiss banker called Necker). He was the successor to Necker as finance minister to Louis XVI. He proposed, 1786, a general
abbe sieyes
..., Wrote an essay called "What is the 3rd estate" Argued that lower classes were more important than the nobles and the government should be responsible to the people.
marie antoinette
..., queen of France (as wife of Louis XVI) who was unpopular her extravagance and opposition to reform contributed to the overthrow of the monarchy; she was guillotined along with her husband (1755-1793)
coup brumaire
The coup of 18 Brumaire (often simply 18 Brumaire or Brumaire) was the coup d'�tat by which General Napoleon Bonaparte overthrew the French Directory, replacing it with the French Consulate. This occurred on 9 November 1799, which was 18 Brumaire, Year VI
burke
..., British statesman who in Reflections on the Revolution in France, condemned the Revolution as an application of blind rationalism that ignored the historical realities and complexities of social reforms
marat
..., French revolutionary leader (born in Switzerland) who was a leader in overthrowing the Girondists and was stabbed to death in his bath by Charlotte Corday (1743-1793)
voltaire
..., French, perhaps greatest Enlightenment thinker. Deist. Mixed glorification and reason with an appeal for better individuals and institutions. Wrote Candide. Believed enlightened despot best form of government.
danton
..., French revolutionary leader who stormed the Paris bastille and who supported the execution of Louis XVI but was guillotined by Robespierre for his opposition to the Reign of Terror (1759-1794)
robespierre
..., A French political leader of the eighteenth century. A Jacobin, he was one of the most radical leaders of the French Revolution. He was in charge of the government during the Reign of Terror, when thousands of persons were executed without trial. Aft
carnot
..., the thermal agency by wich mechanical effects maybe atained is the transference of heat from one body to another at a lower temperature
treaty of tilsit
..., Two agreements signed by Napoleon in the town of Tilsit in July 1807. The first, signed on July 7, with Tsar Alexander of Russia. The second, signed on July 9, with Prussia. Ended the war between France and Prussia and created an alliance, making the
berlin decree
..., in 1806 which proclaimed a blockade of British Isles. Any ship that attempted to enter or leave the port would be seized by France. The British responded with a 2nd Order that required all neutral ships trading in the blockaded zones of Europe to sto
continental system
..., Napoleon's efforts to block foreign trade with England by forbidding Importation of British goods Into Europe.
peninsular campaign
..., McClellans plan to capture Richmond, instead of going over land, he would go down the potomac river to a peninsula eas of richmond btwn the york and james rivers. fromhere the troops could approach the city
quadruple alliance
..., G.B., Austria, Prussia, and Russia united to defeat France and their Bonapartism, and also to ensure peace after war. After Napoleon, they resotred the Bourbon monarchy to France.
treaty of chaumont
..., treaty that bound allies for zoyrs (whatever that means), each would negotiate with napoleon seperately, would not stop until france was at her old borders
alexander I
..., the czar of Russia whose plans to liberalize the government of Russia were unrealized because of the wars with Napoleon (1777-1825)
lord nelson
..., When Napoleon tried to bring his Mediterranean fleet around Gibraltar to northern France, a combined French and Spanish fleet was, after a series of mishaps, virtually annihilated by Lord Nelson at the Battle of Trafalgar on October 21, 1805. invasio
joseph bonaparte
..., Napoleon's brother, made king of Spain but unable to control the Spanish which led to the costly Peninsula War., (1768-1844) - Napoleon's brother, made king of Spain (1808) but unable to control the Spanish and he abdicated (1813). His failure to con
talleyrand
..., the French foreign minister, whom which three American dipolmats seek to reach an agreement with, they are stopped by the French X, Y, and Z dipolmats and are asked for a bribe to speak with Talleyrand. Causes XYZ affair.
jacques louis david
..., French painter known for his classicism and his commitment to the ideals of the French Revolution. His works include The Oath of the Horatii (17850 and The Death of Marat (1793).
viscount castlereagh
..., An Irish foreign minister for England who organized the Congress of Vienna. He was a dominant figure in Europe and was a Tori.
herder
..., he resented French influence in Germany, he believed humans were different at different times and places, revived German folk culture
fichte
..., Claimed that German culture was distinctly different from French culture, and that German culture was superior. Superiority. Said Germans should assume their rightful place as the leaders of Europe.
metternich
..., a German-Austrian politician and statesman, and one of the most important diplomats of his era. He was a major figure on the negotiations leading to and at the Congress of Vienna and is considered both a paradigm of foreign policy management and a ma
hardenberg
..., Name of the Prussian Representative at the Congress of Vienna
louis xvii
..., new monarch of the French tried to consolidate that support by issuing the constitutional charter, which accepted many of France's revolutionary changes and guaranteed civil liberties. he was old, ugly, crippled by gout, and lacked the glory and magi
law of the maximum
..., The fixing of prices on bread and other essentials under Robespierre and the Committee of public safety's rule
bourgeoisie
..., the middle class, including merchants, industrialists, and professional people
brunswick manifesto
..., Issued by Prussia and Austria on July 25, 1792. Stated that if harm done to the king or queen there would be severe retribution. Mistake - played right into hands of radical revolutionaries in France. They used it to panic France into thinking invasi
9 thermidore
...
flight to varennes
..., In June of 1791 LXVI and his family attempted to escape and join the emigres who were agitating outside France to overthrow the revolution. King left a written message repudiating the revolution. He was spotted and arrested in Varennes in Lorraine in
vendee
..., Counter revolution led by conservative forces (nobles, clergy, and the peasantry).
battle of valmy
..., Sept 20, 1792. Disorganised French armies won a moral victory (not really much more than an artillery duel) vs. the Prussians. Blocked the Prussian march on Paris. French armies then went on to occupy the Austrian Netherlands, Savoy(king of Sardinia
goethe
..., German poet and novelist and dramatist who lived in Weimar (1749-1832)
camille desmoulins
..., French Journalist and Politician played in revolution, not Marat, man who got up and said "to arms" causing the storming of the Bastille for gunpowder
gerhard johann david von scharnhorst
Gerhard Johann David von Scharnhorst (12 November 1755 - 28 June 1813) was a general in Prussian service, Chief of the Prussian General Staff, noted for both his writings, his reforms of the Prussian army, and his leadership during the Napoleonic Wars.
August (Wilhelm Anton) von Gneisenau, Count Neidhardt
Prussian field marshal and military reformer. Along with Gerhard J.D. von Scharnhorst, he remolded the Prussian army shattered by Napoleon (1806) from a mercenary force into an instrument of modern warfare, introducing universal military service. In 1811
pain d'egalite
''Equality bread," bread made from whole wheat rather than white flour during the French Revolution
joachim murat
Marshal of France and Grand Admiral or Admiral of France, 1st Prince Murat, was Grand Duke of Berg from 1806 to 1808 King of Naples and again from 1808 to 1815. He received his titles in part by being the brother-in-law of Napoleon Bonaparte, through marr
tugendbund
(League of Virtue), a secret political society in Prussia, founded in April 1808 for the purpose of reviving the national spirit after Napoleon's crushing defeat of Prussia. The Tugendbund had more than 700 members, mostly liberal noblemen, representative