Thomas More
When: 1478-1535
Where: England
Why: Lord Chancellor of England, refused to accept and publicly state his acceptance of king Henry's remarriage to Anne Boleyn. This infuriated the king and he was beheaded.
- English humanist
- Wrote Utopia--describes an is
Predestination
When: 1300-1350 (mid 14th century)
Where: Middle English and Late Latin
Why: Salvation is decided before birth, there is no freedom of choice. It is a Calvinist idea, it divides humanity into the Elect and the Reproabte. First put forth by John Calvin in
Huguenots
When: 16-17th centuries
Where: French Protestant
Why: Term for French Calvinists (most were), suffered severe persecution at the hands of Catholic majority during the French Wars of Religion. Many emigrated from France, which tore France apart. Member of
Spanish Inquisition
When: Late 14th century
Where: Spain
Why: Monarchs in Spain begain to restrict rights of the Jews, this increased popular hostility towards them. This caused many to convery to Christianity. The "new Christians" became highly controversial and their since
Treaty of Tordsillas
When: June 7, 1494
Where: Portugal
Why: Agreement between Spain and Portugal aimed at settling conflicts over lands newly discovered or explored by Christopher Columbus and other 15th century voyagers. Negotiated by the Pope. Clarified spheres of influenc
Vasco Da Gama
When: 1460-1524
Where: Sailed to India
Why: Portuguese explorer and colonial administrator. First European to sail to India and open East Portuguese trade and colonization.
Spice Islands
When: 1500s
Where: Islands in modern day Indonesia/Moluccas
Why: Held a variety of spices and products that would be beneficial to Europeans. Center for Spice monopoly. Key to hold the trade routes. Settled by Portugese (Ferdinand Magellan) but taken by t
Juan Sebastian del Cano
When: 1476-1526
Where: Spanish
Why: Spanish Explorer, received credit for Magellan's circumnavigation after Magellan's death by taking the last ship, the Victoria, across the Indian Ocean, around Africa, and back to Spain in 1522. He confirmed the shape o
Selling of Indulgences
When: Middle Ages
Where: Catholic Church and Clergy
Why: Clergy sold pardons and treasures of the church saying that if they gave money or bought a holy object than they would be pardoned for their sins. Martin Luther objected this and nailed his 95 these
John Calvin
When: 1509-1564
Where: France
Why: Great influence on Puritan belief, taught predestination and that the Bible was the final authority, salvation would come from grace only, wrote "Institutes of Christian Religion". Created Calvinism. He was a French Lawy
Spanish Armada
When: 1588
Where: Sent from Spain to invade England by Philip II
Why: "Invincible" fleet of spanish ships sent to invade England by King Philip of Spain in 1588. Defeated by smaller ships from England called "sea dogs", swifter, more maneuverable ships. T
Defenstration of Prague
When: 1618; led to 30 years war
Where: Prague
Why: Protestant nobility was resisting Catholics on who should be the new ruler. The Hapsburg ambassador was thrown out the window by a protestant. The protestants said that he would survive if his God and sai
Peace of Westphaila
When: 1638
Where:
Why: Officially ended the 30 years war. Peace negotiation that ended the war which was Europes most destructive internal struggle over religion. The treaties contained new language recognizing new statehood and nationhood. Defined border
Cardinal Richelieu
When: 1585-1642; Cardinal from 1607-1642
Where: France
Why: King Louis XIII's Chief minister, attacked Huguenots. Reformed the navy and the army, and greatly advanced royal absolutionism, transforming France into a strong centralized state. Believed in st
Martin Luther
When: 1483-1546
Where: German Friar
Why: Was a priest and professor of Theology and was a huge figure in Protestant reformation. Came to reject teachings of the Catholic church and especially the selling of indulgences that occured. Nailed his 95 theses t
Desiderius Erasmus
When: 1466-1536
Where:
Why: Dutch Renaissance humanist, Catholic priest, theologian, and teacher. Prepared important Latin and Greek versions of the New Testament. These raised questions that became influential in the Protestant reformation and the Cathol
Henry V
When: 1387-1422 / Reign of King 1413-1422
Where: England
Why: Known for his victory in the 100 years war Battle of Agincourt in 1415 between England and France. He strengthened his kingdom during the Hundred Years War. Introduced lefal reforms. Promised h
The Great Famine
When: 14th century
Where: Northern Europe
Why: Period of mass starvation and crisis due to dropped temperatures and heavy rains of biblical proportions that killed crops and wiped out livestock and led to rotting food. This lasted 7 years.
Yersinia Pestis
When: Middle Ages (14th century)
Where: Europe, Cause of the Black Death
Why: Disease called Bubonic Plague, caused by fleas. Destroyed more than third of the population in England, recurred again and again all over Europe until its end in the 18th centur
Battle of Agincourt
When: 1415
Where: England against France
Why: Henry's V's greatest victory against France, was significant battle of 100 years war. Taking back what England had lost. With the signing of the Treaty of Troyes (1420), which disinherited Charles VII of Franc
Philip VI (of Valois)
When: Crowned 1328
Where: France
Why: Takes over throne from Philip the Fair (instead of Edward III) this was becuase he was favored by the French who did not want to be ruled by an English monarch. He begins the hundred years war.
Albrecht Durer
When: 1471-1528
Where: Germany
Why: One of the most important figured in the Northern Renaissance, introduced classical motifs into Northern art, was a German painter, printmaker, theorist, and mathematician. Had high quiality woodcuts and engraving techn
Jan Van Eyck
When: 15th centruy
Where: Dutch painter
Why: Famous for being one of the first to perfect the technique of painting with oil paint, focusing on landscapes and everyday life. He used linseed oil and nut oils and used brilliant translucent colors. Focused o
Raphael
When: 1400's 15th century Renaissance
Where: Italian painter
Why: Architect and painter of high renaissance. Known for his painting of the virgin Mary. Painted "School of Athens" Famous for calming and quiet scenes.
Michelangelo
When: Italian Renaissance
Where: Italy
Why: Famous painter, sculptor, architect, and poet. Known for painting the Sistine Chapel and sculpture of David. He was a huge influence on Western Art.
The Renaissance
When: 14th-17th centuries
Where: Europe (Began in Florence, Italy)
Why: Cultural rebirth of Europe based on the rediscovery of the literature of Greece and Rome. During this time, many artists, sculptures, and poets became famous for new works and their d
Vassalage
- Person who has entered into mutual obligations to a lord/monarch (Suzerain) in the context of the feudal system in medieval Europe or elsewhere. These obligations often include military support and mutual protection. This is in exchange for certain priv
Angevin Empire
A collection of states ruled by the Angevins of the House of Plantegenet. Dynasty that tuled England from 1154-1485.
Homage
The formal public acknowledgment by which a feudal tenant or vassal declared himself to be the man or vassal of his overlord, owing him loyalty and service.
Salic Law
Frankish law preventing persons descended from a previous sovereign only through a woman were excluded from succession to the throne.
The Great Schism (Western Schism)
When: 1378-1417
Where: Roman Catholic Church
Why: Period of division between Roman Catholic church over papal succession. During this time there were two or sometimes three popes. The Schism in the Western Roman Church resulted from the return of the papa
Avignon Papacy
When: 1309-1377
Where: Avignon, France
Why: Reffering to period where the pope moved his court to Avignon France from 1309-1377, nicknamed the "Babylonian Captivity". This ended when the Bishop of Bordeaux returned it back to Rome.
- Seven Popes resided i
Philip the Fair (Philip IV) (Philip the Iron King)
When: Ruled from 1285-1314
Where: France
Why: French King during 100 Years' War. Responsible for the Babylonian captivity in attemted to exert complete control over the church of France. He attempted to tax the church and came in conflict with Boniface VI
The Investiture Conflict
When: 1075
Where:
Why: Confrontation between Pope Gregory VII and Emperor Henry IV debated over limitations of church and state power. Escalated when both claimed the right to appoint and invest bishops of office. Settled when Emperor Henry V and Pope Cal
The Divine Comedy
When: Began in 1308 and finished in 1320
Where: Italy
Why: The Divine Comedy is an epic poem by Dante Alighieri (1265-1321). written when Dante was exiled from his native city Florence, Italy. It is widely considered the preeminent work of Italian literat
Petrarch
When: 1304-1374
Where: Italy
Why: He was a poet and scholar during the Early Renaissance era. Petrarch claimed that his generation was on the brink of a glorious new age--that it was emerging from a long dark period during which civilization had languishe
Niccolo Machiavelli
When: 1469-1527
Where: Florence, Italy
Why: Known as the founder of political ethics. Advanced the idea that "the end justifies the means". Originator of the idea of political pragmatism. Wrote "The Prince" in 1513. The Prince became controversial, causin
The Dance of Death
When: 14th century; Late Medieval allegory
Where:
Why: Many images in artwork with skeletons dancing. Death can reach anybody, no matter their rank. Representation of the times of the Black Plague. No reference to heaven or hell, just life and death. Chur
Johann Tetzel
When: 1465-1519
Where: Germany
Why: Was a Dominican friar; belonged to the Roman Catholic Church and granted indulgences in exchange for money.
- Advertiseing jingle "When a coin in my coffer rings, a soul from Pergatory springs!
Rodrigo Borgia (Alexander VI)
When: 1431-1503
Where: Spain
Why: Also known as Pope Alexander VI (1492-1503), won the papacy by bribing the cardinals and used the church's wealth to fund wars that he hoped would carve our an Italian duchy for his son, Cesare Borgia (1476-1507). Shamefu
Most Important Causes of 100 Years' War
1. Land dispute between French and English; conflicts between dynasties that began when William of Normandy created a state lying on both sides of English Channel
2. In the 14th century English Kings resented paying homage to French Kings and feared the i
Joan of Arc's role to help end 100 years war
Joan of Arc gave a persona for the French to look to during the 100 years war. She, if only superficially, united them under one common goal. Her swift decision making, natural skill, and courage made her an excellent leader. Joan advised military aommand
Would you classify Martin Luther and Henry VIII as similar reformers of the Catholic Church? Why or why not? Use examples and evidence to support your answer.
They both were reformation leaders. Henry VIII issued proclamantion against the books of Martin Luther. Henry abolishes Roman church and appoints humseld head of Church of England.
- Differences: Henry rejects Luther's doctrines, Luther wanted change beca
Why are the 1300s in Europe described as being catastrophic? Be sure to discuss the social, political, religious, and demographic changes.
Three major crises led to radical changes in all areas of society: demographic collapse, political instabilities, and religious upheavals. A series of famines and plagues, beginning with the Great Famine of 1315-17 and especially the Black Death of 1348,
30 Years War, Religious or not?
- 1618-1648. Began as religious war between Protestants and Roman Catholics in the Holy Roman Empire, but did not continue that way. The war developed into a more general political conflict involving several European powers. It eventually became all about
How did Louis XIV reflect the idea of political absolutism?
Louis XIV became king when he was 4 years old in 1643. He inherited the most powerful country in Europe and expanded this power throughout his life. He was the embodiment of an absolute monarch.
- The chief example of this is reflected in his statement "L
How was the Defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588 a significant moment in English history?
When Mary, Queen of Scots, was put to death by Elizabeth I, it solidified Philip II's idea to invade England. With 130 ships he had a plan to said into the English Channel and attack. On July 22, 1588 the Armada set sail. Under-supplied and hardly prepare
In what ways did the Age of Exploration impact how Europeans lived and were governed?
The Age of Exploration is a series of voyages during the 1400s, 1500s, and early 1600s when European explorers explored the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. More goods, raw materials, and metals came into Europe. New centers of commerce popped up in port citi