Italian Renaissance
a great cultural movement which brought about a period of scientific revolution and artistic transformation, at the dawn of modern European history. It marks the transitional period between the end of the Middle Ages and the start of the Modern Age. The R
Jacob Burckhart
19th century historian that claimed the Renaissance period stood in distinct contrast to the Middle Ages.
city-states
a political phenomenon of small independent states in the northern Italian peninsula between the 10th and 15th centuries.
commenda system
Contract between merchant and
"merchant-adventurer" who agreed to take goods to
distant locations and return with the proceeds (for 1/3
of profits)
Republic of Florence
(included Republic of Genoa)
a. Center of the Renaissance during the 14th and 15th
centuries.
b. Dominated by the Medici family
Medici family
Family that dominated Republic of Florence
Cosimo
_____ de' Medici"
Allied with other
powerful families of Florence and became unofficial
ruler of the republic and most powerful of the Medici rulers.
Lorenzo
_____ de' Medici"
(1449-
1492): significant patron of the arts (son of Cosimo)
Duchy of Milan
Ruled by Sforza family after 1450 (Milan was a major enemy of Venice and Florence)
Sforza
The family that ruled the Duchy of Milan after 1450.
Peace of Lodi
created a relative
40-year period of peace in northern Italy
Papal States
popes served both as
religious and political leaders; controlled much of
central Italy
Naples
a. Included southern Italian region of _____ and the
island of Sicily
b. Only Italian city-state to officially have a "king"
c. Controlled by France between 1266-1435
d. Controlled by Spain after 1435
Charles VIII
Milan's despot, Ludovico "the Moor," encouraged
French King _______ to invade Naples, the
traditional enemy of Milan.
Savonarola
(guy whipping himself during the video)
became the unofficial
leader of Florence between 1494 and 1498.
� Pledged to rid Florence of its decadence and
corruption
� In effect, oversaw a theocracy in Florence
� He had earlier predicted the French invasions
Machiavelli
He wrote "The Prince."
The quintessential political treatise of the 16th
century
b. Observed the political leadership of Cesare Borgia
(son of Pope Alexander VI) who had ambitions of
uniting Italy under his control
c. Stated that politically, "the ends ju
Cesare Borgia
Son of Pope Alexander VI who had ambitions to unite Italy under his control.
Sack of Rome
a military event carried out by the mutinous troops of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor in Rome, then part of the Papal States in 1527.
Charles V
Carried out the Sack of Rome.
humanism
an activity of cultural and educational reform, engaged in by scholars, writers, and civic leaders who are today known as humanists
civic humanism
idea that education should prepare
leaders who would be active in civic affairs
Petrarch
the "father of humanism"
1. Considered the first modern writer
� In his writings, literature was no longer subordinate
to religion
2. Claimed that the Middle Ages (the period between the
fall of the Roman Empire and the emergence of the
Renaissance) were
Boccaccio
Wrote Decameron, a. Consisted of 100 earthy tales that comprise a social
commentary of 14th century Italy
b. Aimed to impart wisdom of human character and
behavior (especially sexual and economic
misbehavior).
Leonardo Bruni
1. First to use the term "humanism"
2. Among the most important of the civic humanists
3. Served as a chancellor in Florence
4. Wrote a history of Florence, perhaps the first modern
history, and wrote a narrative using primary source
documents and the div
William Shakespeare
(1564-1616)
English poet and dramatist; considered one of the greatest English writers. Wrote poetry and 38 dramas (tragic and comedies)
Miguel de Cervantes
(1547-1616)
Spanish writer best remembered for his 'Don Quixote.'
Don Quixote
Written by Cervantes, it was considered one of the most influential Spanish works of literature. The story satirizes chivalry and influenced the development of the novel form.
Flemish Style
Influenced by the Italian Renaissance, characterized by oil paints, emotional scenes, preoccupations with death, and detail. Northern Renaissance Art.
Jan van Eyck
(c. 1395-1441)
Flemish painter who was a founder of the Flemish school of painting and pioneered modern techniques of oil painting. Perfected oil painting, wood panel paintings (religious symbolism), and had great detail in his works.
Bosch
(1450-1516)
A surrealist painter of the Netherlands who focused his works on symbolism, fantasy, confusion, death and the torments of Hell. Most famous work = "Death and the Miser" (1490)
Pieter (Peter) Brueghel the Elder
(1520-1569)
A painter and print-maker who was isolated from Italian influences and usually painted ordinary scenes like villages and peasants (genre scenes).
Albrecht D�rer
(1471-1528)
German artist who visited Italy in the late 1400s. He was the foremost Northern Renaissance artist, and specialized in the woodcut technique. He mastered proportions, perspective, realism, and modeling. Painted numerous self-portraits.
Hans Holbein the Younger
(1497-1543)
German Painter noted for his portraits and religious paintings, and painted for Erasmus, More, and King Henry VIII.
Famous work = "The Ambassadors" (1533), which portrayed the major themes of the era, including exploration, religious discord,
Fugger Family
German Family (esp. Jacob Fugger, 1459-1525) that was significant in patronizing art of the Northern Renaissance. Their fortune was the result of international banking, which was similar to the Medici family in Florence.
Christine de Pisan
(? 1363-1434)
A wealthy woman who chronicled the accomplishments of great women of history. Wrote the Renaissance's woman's survival manual ('The City of Ladies,' 1405), was extremely well-educated in France, and was possibly Europe's first feminist.
Isabella d'Este
(1474-1539)
"First Lady" of the Renaissance, set an example for women to break away from their traditional roles as mere ornaments to their husbands, was a big patron of the arts, founded a school for young women, and wrote over 2000 letters that provided
Artemesia Gentileschi
(1593-1652)
Considered a Baroque painter, she was perhaps the first female artist to gain recognition in the Post-Renaissance era. Was the first woman to paint historical and religious scenes, and was famous for her "Judith" paintings (not normal, since m
Lorenzo Valla
humanist scholar who pointed out errors/frauds in Latin Vulgate--criticized medieval religious assumptions.
Latin Vulgate
the "Bible" of the Catholic Church
Marsilio Ficino
supervised the making of the Florentine Platonic Academy. Translated Plato to Latin
Oration on the Dignity of Man by Pico Della Mirandola
most famous Renaissance writing on nature of humankind. Said that humans are the only creatures that can be whatever they want.
Book of Couttier by Badassare Castiglone
written as a practical guide for the nobility at the court of Urbino on the ideals of Italian humanism.
virt�
quality of being a great man in whatever noble pursuit
1400's quattrocento
Florence was the leader of Renaissance. More classic style of art.
The Lives of Artists by Giorgio Vasari
Art historian--wrote about Renaissance artists and works.
1500's cinquecento
Rome the center of Renaissance. Pope Alexander VI commissioned lots of art. (Sistine chapel, etc.)
perspective
the appearance of having a 3d effect on 2d surface
chiaroscuro
using dark and light to create the illusion of depth
stylized faces
medieval faces in art--more stylized and generic
sfumato
technique developed by Leonardo da Vinci--blurred/softened sharp outlines
contrapposto
sculpture/painting technique that involves the subject putting its weight on one foot to look more dynamic
Greek temple architecture
triangular pediments, Greek columns, Roman arches, domes. Simplicity, symmetry, balance.
Giotto
considered first Renaissance painter; use of chiaroscuro
Brunelleschi, Il Duomo
Father of perspective"; the largest dome in Europe at the time (his masterpiece)
Lrenzo Ghiberti, "gates of paradise
a sculptor who won a contest against Brunelleschi--built two bronze doors that are masterpieces of sculpture called the "____ __ _______
Donatello, David
a sculptor; first statue that was nude
Expulsion of Adam & Eve by Masaccio
(first Renaissance painter to use nude humans in 3D) fresco painting, nudes, emotion
Birth of Venus by Botticelli
has contrapposto, good example of humanism
High Renaissance
centered in Rome, 16th century. Wordly popes provided a ton of patronage to the arts. Classical balance, harmony, restraint.
Mona Lisa
Considered one of the great masterpieces EVER. Had sfumato
School of Athens by Raphael
perfect example of humanism. Has contrapposto, classical scholars.
David by Michelangelo
humanistic marble statue--glorifies human body, contrapposto
Pieta by michelangelo
considered maybe the most perfect marble sculpture EVER. Shows Mary holding limp body of Christ.
St. Peter's Cathedral
designed by Michelangelo, largest dome in Europe even today
Sistine Chapel
commissioned by Pope Julius II. Fresco.
Titian
(c. 1485-1576)
1. Greatest painter of the Venetian school
2. Use of vivid color and movement, in contrast to more
subtle colors and static figures of the Florentine style
Mannerism
1. Characteristics:
a. Reaction against the Renaissance ideals of balance,
symmetry, simplicity and realistic use of color
� High Renaissance had taken art to perfection;
there was little that could be done to improve it;
thus, mannerists rebelled against
El Greco
(1541-1614)
a. Greek artist who did most of his greatest work in
Spain
b. Perhaps the greatest of the Mannerists with his use
of elongated figures and unnatural pigments
c. Burial of Count Orgaz (1586-88) and Toledo (1597)
are two important examples of hi
Christian humanism
1. Emphasis on early Church writings that provided
answers on how to improve society and reform the
Church
a. Less emphasis on pagan works from ancient Greece
and Rome (although these works were widely read
and enjoyed by Christian Humanists)
b. Many hist
Erasmus
(1466-1536)
1. Most famous and celebrated of all northern humanists
2. Master of the Greek language; one of Europe's
foremost authorities
3. Made new translations of the Greek and Latin versions
of the New Testament to create 'purer' editions.
4. He was t
In Praise of Folly
(1513)
a. Best-seller (only the Bible sold more by 1550)
� Written in Latin; thus is was not intended for
mass consumption
b. Erasmus was a devout Catholic who sought to
reform the Church, not destroy it.
c. Satirized people's worldly ambitions, including
Thomas More
(1478-1536)
1. Prime example of a civic humanist; he rose to the
highest government position of any humanist
� Lord Chancellor to King Henry VIII in England
Utopia
(1516): More's humanistic masterpiece
a. Mixes civic humanism with religious ideals to
describe a perfect (utopian) society located on an
imaginary island
b. More sees the accumulation of property as a root
cause for society's ills; a few have it�most don
Jacques Lefevre d'Etables
(1454-1536)
1. Leading French humanist and good example of how
Northern Christian humanists focused on early Church
writings.
2. Produced 5 versions of the Psalms that challenged a
single authoritative version of the Bible.
� A devout Catholic, he was lat
Francesco Ximenes de Cisneros
(1436-1517):
1. Spanish humanist who reformed the Spanish clergy
and church so that many of the Church abuses that
were highlighted during the Reformation did not
necessarily apply to Spain
� Grand Inquisitor of the Spanish Inquisition (serves
as an examp
Francois Rabelais
(1494-1553)
1. His secular writings portrayed his confidence in human
nature and reflected Renaissance tastes
Gargantua and Pantagruel
(1532-1542)
a. A folk epic and comic masterpiece that satirized
French society
b. Attacked clerical education and monastic orders;
championed secular learning
Michel de Montaigne
(1533-1592)
1. Developed the essay form
Skepticism
a. Doubt that true knowledge could be obtained
b. Believed that the skeptic must be cautious, critical
and suspend judgment.
c. Thus, one must be tolerant of others' views
Essay Form
� The essay became a vehicle for testing new ideas
Northern Renaissance
Christian humanism + Erasmus + More + d'Etables + Cisneros + Rabelais + Montaigne + Shakespeare + Cervantes
Italian Renaissance
a great cultural movement which brought about a period of scientific revolution and artistic transformation, at the dawn of modern European history. It marks the transitional period between the end of the Middle Ages and the start of the Modern Age. The R
Jacob Burckhart
19th century historian that claimed the Renaissance period stood in distinct contrast to the Middle Ages.
city-states
a political phenomenon of small independent states in the northern Italian peninsula between the 10th and 15th centuries.
commenda system
Contract between merchant and
"merchant-adventurer" who agreed to take goods to
distant locations and return with the proceeds (for 1/3
of profits)
Republic of Florence
(included Republic of Genoa)
a. Center of the Renaissance during the 14th and 15th
centuries.
b. Dominated by the Medici family
Medici family
Family that dominated Republic of Florence
Cosimo
_____ de' Medici"
Allied with other
powerful families of Florence and became unofficial
ruler of the republic and most powerful of the Medici rulers.
Lorenzo
_____ de' Medici"
(1449-
1492): significant patron of the arts (son of Cosimo)
Duchy of Milan
Ruled by Sforza family after 1450 (Milan was a major enemy of Venice and Florence)
Sforza
The family that ruled the Duchy of Milan after 1450.
Peace of Lodi
created a relative
40-year period of peace in northern Italy
Papal States
popes served both as
religious and political leaders; controlled much of
central Italy
Naples
a. Included southern Italian region of _____ and the
island of Sicily
b. Only Italian city-state to officially have a "king"
c. Controlled by France between 1266-1435
d. Controlled by Spain after 1435
Charles VIII
Milan's despot, Ludovico "the Moor," encouraged
French King _______ to invade Naples, the
traditional enemy of Milan.
Savonarola
(guy whipping himself during the video)
became the unofficial
leader of Florence between 1494 and 1498.
� Pledged to rid Florence of its decadence and
corruption
� In effect, oversaw a theocracy in Florence
� He had earlier predicted the French invasions
Machiavelli
He wrote "The Prince."
The quintessential political treatise of the 16th
century
b. Observed the political leadership of Cesare Borgia
(son of Pope Alexander VI) who had ambitions of
uniting Italy under his control
c. Stated that politically, "the ends ju
Cesare Borgia
Son of Pope Alexander VI who had ambitions to unite Italy under his control.
Sack of Rome
a military event carried out by the mutinous troops of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor in Rome, then part of the Papal States in 1527.
Charles V
Carried out the Sack of Rome.
humanism
an activity of cultural and educational reform, engaged in by scholars, writers, and civic leaders who are today known as humanists
civic humanism
idea that education should prepare
leaders who would be active in civic affairs
Petrarch
the "father of humanism"
1. Considered the first modern writer
� In his writings, literature was no longer subordinate
to religion
2. Claimed that the Middle Ages (the period between the
fall of the Roman Empire and the emergence of the
Renaissance) were
Boccaccio
Wrote Decameron, a. Consisted of 100 earthy tales that comprise a social
commentary of 14th century Italy
b. Aimed to impart wisdom of human character and
behavior (especially sexual and economic
misbehavior).
Leonardo Bruni
1. First to use the term "humanism"
2. Among the most important of the civic humanists
3. Served as a chancellor in Florence
4. Wrote a history of Florence, perhaps the first modern
history, and wrote a narrative using primary source
documents and the div
William Shakespeare
(1564-1616)
English poet and dramatist; considered one of the greatest English writers. Wrote poetry and 38 dramas (tragic and comedies)
Miguel de Cervantes
(1547-1616)
Spanish writer best remembered for his 'Don Quixote.'
Don Quixote
Written by Cervantes, it was considered one of the most influential Spanish works of literature. The story satirizes chivalry and influenced the development of the novel form.
Flemish Style
Influenced by the Italian Renaissance, characterized by oil paints, emotional scenes, preoccupations with death, and detail. Northern Renaissance Art.
Jan van Eyck
(c. 1395-1441)
Flemish painter who was a founder of the Flemish school of painting and pioneered modern techniques of oil painting. Perfected oil painting, wood panel paintings (religious symbolism), and had great detail in his works.
Bosch
(1450-1516)
A surrealist painter of the Netherlands who focused his works on symbolism, fantasy, confusion, death and the torments of Hell. Most famous work = "Death and the Miser" (1490)
Pieter (Peter) Brueghel the Elder
(1520-1569)
A painter and print-maker who was isolated from Italian influences and usually painted ordinary scenes like villages and peasants (genre scenes).
Albrecht D�rer
(1471-1528)
German artist who visited Italy in the late 1400s. He was the foremost Northern Renaissance artist, and specialized in the woodcut technique. He mastered proportions, perspective, realism, and modeling. Painted numerous self-portraits.
Hans Holbein the Younger
(1497-1543)
German Painter noted for his portraits and religious paintings, and painted for Erasmus, More, and King Henry VIII.
Famous work = "The Ambassadors" (1533), which portrayed the major themes of the era, including exploration, religious discord,
Fugger Family
German Family (esp. Jacob Fugger, 1459-1525) that was significant in patronizing art of the Northern Renaissance. Their fortune was the result of international banking, which was similar to the Medici family in Florence.
Christine de Pisan
(? 1363-1434)
A wealthy woman who chronicled the accomplishments of great women of history. Wrote the Renaissance's woman's survival manual ('The City of Ladies,' 1405), was extremely well-educated in France, and was possibly Europe's first feminist.
Isabella d'Este
(1474-1539)
"First Lady" of the Renaissance, set an example for women to break away from their traditional roles as mere ornaments to their husbands, was a big patron of the arts, founded a school for young women, and wrote over 2000 letters that provided
Artemesia Gentileschi
(1593-1652)
Considered a Baroque painter, she was perhaps the first female artist to gain recognition in the Post-Renaissance era. Was the first woman to paint historical and religious scenes, and was famous for her "Judith" paintings (not normal, since m
Lorenzo Valla
humanist scholar who pointed out errors/frauds in Latin Vulgate--criticized medieval religious assumptions.
Latin Vulgate
the "Bible" of the Catholic Church
Marsilio Ficino
supervised the making of the Florentine Platonic Academy. Translated Plato to Latin
Oration on the Dignity of Man by Pico Della Mirandola
most famous Renaissance writing on nature of humankind. Said that humans are the only creatures that can be whatever they want.
Book of Couttier by Badassare Castiglone
written as a practical guide for the nobility at the court of Urbino on the ideals of Italian humanism.
virt�
quality of being a great man in whatever noble pursuit
1400's quattrocento
Florence was the leader of Renaissance. More classic style of art.
The Lives of Artists by Giorgio Vasari
Art historian--wrote about Renaissance artists and works.
1500's cinquecento
Rome the center of Renaissance. Pope Alexander VI commissioned lots of art. (Sistine chapel, etc.)
perspective
the appearance of having a 3d effect on 2d surface
chiaroscuro
using dark and light to create the illusion of depth
stylized faces
medieval faces in art--more stylized and generic
sfumato
technique developed by Leonardo da Vinci--blurred/softened sharp outlines
contrapposto
sculpture/painting technique that involves the subject putting its weight on one foot to look more dynamic
Greek temple architecture
triangular pediments, Greek columns, Roman arches, domes. Simplicity, symmetry, balance.
Giotto
considered first Renaissance painter; use of chiaroscuro
Brunelleschi, Il Duomo
Father of perspective"; the largest dome in Europe at the time (his masterpiece)
Lrenzo Ghiberti, "gates of paradise
a sculptor who won a contest against Brunelleschi--built two bronze doors that are masterpieces of sculpture called the "____ __ _______
Donatello, David
a sculptor; first statue that was nude
Expulsion of Adam & Eve by Masaccio
(first Renaissance painter to use nude humans in 3D) fresco painting, nudes, emotion
Birth of Venus by Botticelli
has contrapposto, good example of humanism
High Renaissance
centered in Rome, 16th century. Wordly popes provided a ton of patronage to the arts. Classical balance, harmony, restraint.
Mona Lisa
Considered one of the great masterpieces EVER. Had sfumato
School of Athens by Raphael
perfect example of humanism. Has contrapposto, classical scholars.
David by Michelangelo
humanistic marble statue--glorifies human body, contrapposto
Pieta by michelangelo
considered maybe the most perfect marble sculpture EVER. Shows Mary holding limp body of Christ.
St. Peter's Cathedral
designed by Michelangelo, largest dome in Europe even today
Sistine Chapel
commissioned by Pope Julius II. Fresco.
Titian
(c. 1485-1576)
1. Greatest painter of the Venetian school
2. Use of vivid color and movement, in contrast to more
subtle colors and static figures of the Florentine style
Mannerism
1. Characteristics:
a. Reaction against the Renaissance ideals of balance,
symmetry, simplicity and realistic use of color
� High Renaissance had taken art to perfection;
there was little that could be done to improve it;
thus, mannerists rebelled against
El Greco
(1541-1614)
a. Greek artist who did most of his greatest work in
Spain
b. Perhaps the greatest of the Mannerists with his use
of elongated figures and unnatural pigments
c. Burial of Count Orgaz (1586-88) and Toledo (1597)
are two important examples of hi
Christian humanism
1. Emphasis on early Church writings that provided
answers on how to improve society and reform the
Church
a. Less emphasis on pagan works from ancient Greece
and Rome (although these works were widely read
and enjoyed by Christian Humanists)
b. Many hist
Erasmus
(1466-1536)
1. Most famous and celebrated of all northern humanists
2. Master of the Greek language; one of Europe's
foremost authorities
3. Made new translations of the Greek and Latin versions
of the New Testament to create 'purer' editions.
4. He was t
In Praise of Folly
(1513)
a. Best-seller (only the Bible sold more by 1550)
� Written in Latin; thus is was not intended for
mass consumption
b. Erasmus was a devout Catholic who sought to
reform the Church, not destroy it.
c. Satirized people's worldly ambitions, including
Thomas More
(1478-1536)
1. Prime example of a civic humanist; he rose to the
highest government position of any humanist
� Lord Chancellor to King Henry VIII in England
Utopia
(1516): More's humanistic masterpiece
a. Mixes civic humanism with religious ideals to
describe a perfect (utopian) society located on an
imaginary island
b. More sees the accumulation of property as a root
cause for society's ills; a few have it�most don
Jacques Lefevre d'Etables
(1454-1536)
1. Leading French humanist and good example of how
Northern Christian humanists focused on early Church
writings.
2. Produced 5 versions of the Psalms that challenged a
single authoritative version of the Bible.
� A devout Catholic, he was lat
Francesco Ximenes de Cisneros
(1436-1517):
1. Spanish humanist who reformed the Spanish clergy
and church so that many of the Church abuses that
were highlighted during the Reformation did not
necessarily apply to Spain
� Grand Inquisitor of the Spanish Inquisition (serves
as an examp
Francois Rabelais
(1494-1553)
1. His secular writings portrayed his confidence in human
nature and reflected Renaissance tastes
Gargantua and Pantagruel
(1532-1542)
a. A folk epic and comic masterpiece that satirized
French society
b. Attacked clerical education and monastic orders;
championed secular learning
Michel de Montaigne
(1533-1592)
1. Developed the essay form
Skepticism
a. Doubt that true knowledge could be obtained
b. Believed that the skeptic must be cautious, critical
and suspend judgment.
c. Thus, one must be tolerant of others' views
Essay Form
� The essay became a vehicle for testing new ideas
Northern Renaissance
Christian humanism + Erasmus + More + d'Etables + Cisneros + Rabelais + Montaigne + Shakespeare + Cervantes