AP Euro: Renaissance

William Shakespeare

(1564-1616)
English poet and dramatist; considered one of the greatest English writers. Wrote poetry and 38 dramas (tragic and comedies)

Miguel de Cervantes

(1547-1616)
Spanish writer best remembered for his 'Don Quixote.'

Don Quixote

Written by Cervantes, it was considered one of the most influential Spanish works of literature. The story satirizes chivalry and influenced the development of the novel form.

Flemish Style

Influenced by the Italian Renaissance, characterized by oil paints, emotional scenes, preoccupations with death, and detail. Northern Renaissance Art.

Jan van Eyck

(c. 1395-1441)
Flemish painter who was a founder of the Flemish school of painting and pioneered modern techniques of oil painting. Perfected oil painting, wood panel paintings (religious symbolism), and had great detail in his works.

Bosch

(1450-1516)
A surrealist painter of the Netherlands who focused his works on symbolism, fantasy, confusion, death and the torments of Hell. Most famous work = "Death and the Miser" (1490)

Pieter (Peter) Brueghel the Elder

(1520-1569)
A painter and print-maker who was isolated from Italian influences and usually painted ordinary scenes like villages and peasants (genre scenes).

Albrecht D�rer

(1471-1528)
German artist who visited Italy in the late 1400s. He was the foremost Northern Renaissance artist, and specialized in the woodcut technique. He mastered proportions, perspective, realism, and modeling. Painted numerous self-portraits.

Hans Holbein the Younger

(1497-1543)
German Painter noted for his portraits and religious paintings, and painted for Erasmus, More, and King Henry VIII.
Famous work = "The Ambassadors" (1533), which portrayed the major themes of the era, including exploration, religious discord,

Fugger Family

German Family (esp. Jacob Fugger, 1459-1525) that was significant in patronizing art of the Northern Renaissance. Their fortune was the result of international banking, which was similar to the Medici family in Florence.

Christine de Pisan

(? 1363-1434)
A wealthy woman who chronicled the accomplishments of great women of history. Wrote the Renaissance's woman's survival manual ('The City of Ladies,' 1405), was extremely well-educated in France, and was possibly Europe's first feminist.

Isabella d'Este

(1474-1539)
"First Lady" of the Renaissance, set an example for women to break away from their traditional roles as mere ornaments to their husbands, was a big patron of the arts, founded a school for young women, and wrote over 2000 letters that provided

Artemesia Gentileschi

(1593-1652)
Considered a Baroque painter, she was perhaps the first female artist to gain recognition in the Post-Renaissance era. Was the first woman to paint historical and religious scenes, and was famous for her "Judith" paintings (not normal, since m

Titian

(c. 1485-1576)
1. Greatest painter of the Venetian school
2. Use of vivid color and movement, in contrast to more
subtle colors and static figures of the Florentine style

Mannerism

1. Characteristics:
a. Reaction against the Renaissance ideals of balance,
symmetry, simplicity and realistic use of color
� High Renaissance had taken art to perfection;
there was little that could be done to improve it;
thus, mannerists rebelled against

El Greco

(1541-1614)
a. Greek artist who did most of his greatest work in
Spain
b. Perhaps the greatest of the Mannerists with his use
of elongated figures and unnatural pigments
c. Burial of Count Orgaz (1586-88) and Toledo (1597)
are two important examples of hi

Christian humanism

1. Emphasis on early Church writings that provided
answers on how to improve society and reform the
Church
a. Less emphasis on pagan works from ancient Greece
and Rome (although these works were widely read
and enjoyed by Christian Humanists)
b. Many hist

Erasmus

(1466-1536)
1. Most famous and celebrated of all northern humanists
2. Master of the Greek language; one of Europe's
foremost authorities
3. Made new translations of the Greek and Latin versions
of the New Testament to create 'purer' editions.
4. He was t

In Praise of Folly

(1513)
a. Best-seller (only the Bible sold more by 1550)
� Written in Latin; thus is was not intended for
mass consumption
b. Erasmus was a devout Catholic who sought to
reform the Church, not destroy it.
c. Satirized people's worldly ambitions, including

Thomas More

(1478-1536)
1. Prime example of a civic humanist; he rose to the
highest government position of any humanist
� Lord Chancellor to King Henry VIII in England

Utopia

(1516): More's humanistic masterpiece
a. Mixes civic humanism with religious ideals to
describe a perfect (utopian) society located on an
imaginary island
b. More sees the accumulation of property as a root
cause for society's ills; a few have it�most don

Jacques Lefevre d'Etables

(1454-1536)
1. Leading French humanist and good example of how
Northern Christian humanists focused on early Church
writings.
2. Produced 5 versions of the Psalms that challenged a
single authoritative version of the Bible.
� A devout Catholic, he was lat

Francesco Ximenes de Cisneros

(1436-1517):
1. Spanish humanist who reformed the Spanish clergy
and church so that many of the Church abuses that
were highlighted during the Reformation did not
necessarily apply to Spain
� Grand Inquisitor of the Spanish Inquisition (serves
as an examp

Francois Rabelais

(1494-1553)
1. His secular writings portrayed his confidence in human
nature and reflected Renaissance tastes

Gargantua and Pantagruel

(1532-1542)
a. A folk epic and comic masterpiece that satirized
French society
b. Attacked clerical education and monastic orders;
championed secular learning

Michel de Montaigne

(1533-1592)
1. Developed the essay form

Skepticism

a. Doubt that true knowledge could be obtained
b. Believed that the skeptic must be cautious, critical
and suspend judgment.
c. Thus, one must be tolerant of others' views

Essay Form

� The essay became a vehicle for testing new ideas

Northern Renaissance

Christian humanism + Erasmus + More + d'Etables + Cisneros + Rabelais + Montaigne + Shakespeare + Cervantes

William Shakespeare

(1564-1616)
English poet and dramatist; considered one of the greatest English writers. Wrote poetry and 38 dramas (tragic and comedies)

Miguel de Cervantes

(1547-1616)
Spanish writer best remembered for his 'Don Quixote.'

Don Quixote

Written by Cervantes, it was considered one of the most influential Spanish works of literature. The story satirizes chivalry and influenced the development of the novel form.

Flemish Style

Influenced by the Italian Renaissance, characterized by oil paints, emotional scenes, preoccupations with death, and detail. Northern Renaissance Art.

Jan van Eyck

(c. 1395-1441)
Flemish painter who was a founder of the Flemish school of painting and pioneered modern techniques of oil painting. Perfected oil painting, wood panel paintings (religious symbolism), and had great detail in his works.

Bosch

(1450-1516)
A surrealist painter of the Netherlands who focused his works on symbolism, fantasy, confusion, death and the torments of Hell. Most famous work = "Death and the Miser" (1490)

Pieter (Peter) Brueghel the Elder

(1520-1569)
A painter and print-maker who was isolated from Italian influences and usually painted ordinary scenes like villages and peasants (genre scenes).

Albrecht D�rer

(1471-1528)
German artist who visited Italy in the late 1400s. He was the foremost Northern Renaissance artist, and specialized in the woodcut technique. He mastered proportions, perspective, realism, and modeling. Painted numerous self-portraits.

Hans Holbein the Younger

(1497-1543)
German Painter noted for his portraits and religious paintings, and painted for Erasmus, More, and King Henry VIII.
Famous work = "The Ambassadors" (1533), which portrayed the major themes of the era, including exploration, religious discord,

Fugger Family

German Family (esp. Jacob Fugger, 1459-1525) that was significant in patronizing art of the Northern Renaissance. Their fortune was the result of international banking, which was similar to the Medici family in Florence.

Christine de Pisan

(? 1363-1434)
A wealthy woman who chronicled the accomplishments of great women of history. Wrote the Renaissance's woman's survival manual ('The City of Ladies,' 1405), was extremely well-educated in France, and was possibly Europe's first feminist.

Isabella d'Este

(1474-1539)
"First Lady" of the Renaissance, set an example for women to break away from their traditional roles as mere ornaments to their husbands, was a big patron of the arts, founded a school for young women, and wrote over 2000 letters that provided

Artemesia Gentileschi

(1593-1652)
Considered a Baroque painter, she was perhaps the first female artist to gain recognition in the Post-Renaissance era. Was the first woman to paint historical and religious scenes, and was famous for her "Judith" paintings (not normal, since m

Titian

(c. 1485-1576)
1. Greatest painter of the Venetian school
2. Use of vivid color and movement, in contrast to more
subtle colors and static figures of the Florentine style

Mannerism

1. Characteristics:
a. Reaction against the Renaissance ideals of balance,
symmetry, simplicity and realistic use of color
� High Renaissance had taken art to perfection;
there was little that could be done to improve it;
thus, mannerists rebelled against

El Greco

(1541-1614)
a. Greek artist who did most of his greatest work in
Spain
b. Perhaps the greatest of the Mannerists with his use
of elongated figures and unnatural pigments
c. Burial of Count Orgaz (1586-88) and Toledo (1597)
are two important examples of hi

Christian humanism

1. Emphasis on early Church writings that provided
answers on how to improve society and reform the
Church
a. Less emphasis on pagan works from ancient Greece
and Rome (although these works were widely read
and enjoyed by Christian Humanists)
b. Many hist

Erasmus

(1466-1536)
1. Most famous and celebrated of all northern humanists
2. Master of the Greek language; one of Europe's
foremost authorities
3. Made new translations of the Greek and Latin versions
of the New Testament to create 'purer' editions.
4. He was t

In Praise of Folly

(1513)
a. Best-seller (only the Bible sold more by 1550)
� Written in Latin; thus is was not intended for
mass consumption
b. Erasmus was a devout Catholic who sought to
reform the Church, not destroy it.
c. Satirized people's worldly ambitions, including

Thomas More

(1478-1536)
1. Prime example of a civic humanist; he rose to the
highest government position of any humanist
� Lord Chancellor to King Henry VIII in England

Utopia

(1516): More's humanistic masterpiece
a. Mixes civic humanism with religious ideals to
describe a perfect (utopian) society located on an
imaginary island
b. More sees the accumulation of property as a root
cause for society's ills; a few have it�most don

Jacques Lefevre d'Etables

(1454-1536)
1. Leading French humanist and good example of how
Northern Christian humanists focused on early Church
writings.
2. Produced 5 versions of the Psalms that challenged a
single authoritative version of the Bible.
� A devout Catholic, he was lat

Francesco Ximenes de Cisneros

(1436-1517):
1. Spanish humanist who reformed the Spanish clergy
and church so that many of the Church abuses that
were highlighted during the Reformation did not
necessarily apply to Spain
� Grand Inquisitor of the Spanish Inquisition (serves
as an examp

Francois Rabelais

(1494-1553)
1. His secular writings portrayed his confidence in human
nature and reflected Renaissance tastes

Gargantua and Pantagruel

(1532-1542)
a. A folk epic and comic masterpiece that satirized
French society
b. Attacked clerical education and monastic orders;
championed secular learning

Michel de Montaigne

(1533-1592)
1. Developed the essay form

Skepticism

a. Doubt that true knowledge could be obtained
b. Believed that the skeptic must be cautious, critical
and suspend judgment.
c. Thus, one must be tolerant of others' views

Essay Form

� The essay became a vehicle for testing new ideas

Northern Renaissance

Christian humanism + Erasmus + More + d'Etables + Cisneros + Rabelais + Montaigne + Shakespeare + Cervantes