Charles V
This was the Holy Roman Emperor that called for the Diet of Worms. He was a supporter of Catholicism and tried to crush the Reformation by use of the Counter-Reformation
95 Thesis
Written by Martin Luther in 1517, they are widely regarded as the primary catalyst for the Protestant Reformation. Luther displayed his displeasure with some of the Church's clergy's abuses, most notably the sale of indulgences.
Diet of Worms
A meeting summoned by Charles V that commanded Martin Luther to abandon his ideas. Luther refused and was branded an outlaw.
Huldrych Zwingli
A Catholic priest in Zurich. He was influenced both by the Christian humanism of Erasmus and by the reforms of Luther. He openly attached abuses in the Catholic Church. He wanted believers to have more control over the Church.
Colloquy of Marburg
Zwingli and Luther try to unite but it doesn't work because of different views. Remained divided forever. They disagreed about transubstantiation.
John Calvin
A religious reformer who believed in predestination (that God knows before a person is born whether they are going to heaven or hell) and a strict sense of morality for society.
Thomas Muntzer
A radical German Anabaptist who was a rebel leader during the Peasants' War of 1524-26. Luther despised him for his politicization of the Reformation, and they disagreed over several religious doctrines.
German Peasant's War
This was a massive rural uprising that threatened the entire social order of Germany. Inspired by Luthers writings. This eventually split the reform movement in the end the princes managed to defeat the peasants.
Menno Simmons
The moderate Anabaptist leader that founded the Mennonites. He set the example for future of Anabaptism.
Gymnasia
A school for boys. It was intended to prepare students for university study
The Jesuits
Founded by St. Ignatius of Loyola in the 1530s. The religious order grew tremendously and helped awake a renewed sense of zeal and discipline among laypeople. Their reform helped bring fallen-away Catholics back to the Church.
Henry VIII
Is famous for having been married six times, his desire to annul his marriage led to a conflict with the pope, England's break with the Roman Catholic Church, and its embrace of Protestantism. He established the Church of England in 1532.
Defender of the Faith
This title was awarded to King Henry VIII after writing the book "Defence of the Seven Sacraments".
Act of Supremacy, 1529
An Act of the Parliament of England under King Henry VIII of England declared that he was 'the only supreme head on earth of the Church in England'.
Catherine of Aragon
Henry VIII of England's first wife. Henry tried to have their twenty-four year marriage annulled in part because of her inability to produce male heirs.
Thomas Cramner
One of King Henry VIII's loyal servants who was also an archbishop of Canterbury.
Huguenots
This was the name of the French Protestants, more specifically French Calvinistic Protestants.
Schmalkaldic League
A group of Protestant princes in the Holy Roman Empire who vowed to defend each other's territories if Charles V were to attack.
Peace of Augsburg, 1555
Was a treaty signed between Charles V, and the Schmalkaldic League. It allowed the princes to choose to be either Lutheran or Catholic.
Council of Trent 1545-1563
It convened three times as a response to the reformation. It was to interpret the catholic church's doctrines regarding salvation, the sacraments, the biblical canon and creating a Mass that was to be used around the world.
Ignatius Loyola
The founder of the Jesuits.
Francis Xavier
He was an associate of St Ignatius of Loyola, with whom he took the vow founding the Society of Jesus (Jesuits). From 1541 he traveled through India, Japan, and the East Indies, making many converts.
Christian Humanists
These people were outraged by the abuse of power of the church and dreamed of ideal societies based on peace and morality. They also sought to realize the ethical ideals of the classical world.
Indulgence
This was a forgiveness of sin by performing certain religious tasks such as "going on pilgrimage, attending mass, doing holly works, or giving money. Used by the church in order to make a greater profit.
Martin Luther
A German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Chruch. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices.
Predestination
This was a theory by John Calvin which stated that God had ordained every man, woman, and child to salvation or damnation, even before the creation of the world. Therefore, no matter what one did in life it would not effect God's plan.
Anabaptists
These people believed that only adults could believe and accept baptism and therefore the baptism of infants was invalid. They considered themselves to be true Christians unblemished by sin and did not support violence but preferred peace and salvation.
Desiderius Erasmus
A Dutch scholar who was a representative of the Christian humanists. He dominated the humanist world of early sixteenth century Europe. He earned a reputation of being very dedicated to education reform.
Thomas More
He served loyally as a royal ambassador for King Henry the VIII. He became lord chancellor. However, tiring of court life and Henry's control over the clergy he resigned. He was executed for his criticism of the king.
Utopia
Written by Thomas More describes it describes an imaginary land which, was intended as a critique of his own society. This society was heaven compared to life in England as it was based on a system of equality.
Niccolo Machiavelli
(1469-1527) Wrote The Prince which contained a secular method of ruling a country. "End justifies the means.
Byzantine Empire
Historians' name for the eastern portion of the Roman Empire from the fourth century onward, taken from 'Byzantion,' an early name for Constantinople, the Byzantine capital city. The empire fell to the Ottomans in 1453.
Visconti
Established themselves as the dukes of Milan and extended their power over all of Lombardy. worked to build a strong centralized state.
Treaty of Lodi
1454, settled decades of warfare between the city states, established a balance of power between the major Italian city states and maintained relative stability in the peninsula for a half a century, the system collapsed in 1494 with the French invasion
Ferdinand and Isabella
The king and queen of Spain who gave Columbus the funds that he needed to find a route to Asia.
Converses
Jewish converts to Christianity in Spain
Auto da fe
A public confession which was one of the punishments if found guilty of practicing one's old religion and not Christianity, other punishments were anything from monetary fines to burning at the stake.
Pragmatic Sanction
1438, Charles Charles V of Austria's written document that allowed his daughter, Maria Theresa, to rule Austria and keep her land after her father dies.
The Ottoman Empire
Lead by Sultan Mehmed II, a serious threat to Christian Europe, declared a holy war and laid siege to Constantinople and won, earning Mehmed II the name of the "Conqueror".
Muscovy
A former principality in west-central Russia. Centered on Moscow, it was founded c. 1280 and existed as a separate entity until the 16th century, when it was united with another principality to form the nucleus of the early Russian empire.
Marco Polo
A Venetian merchant and traveler. His accounts of his travels to China offered Europeans a firsthand view of Asian lands and stimulated interest in Asian trade
Vasco da Gama
Portuguese explorer, the first European to reach India by sea sailing around the tip of Africa.
Ferdinand Magellan
Portuguese-born navigator. Hired by Spain to sail to the Indies in 1519. He was killed in the Philippines (1521). One of his ships returned to Spain (1522), thereby completing the first circumnavigation of the globe.
Pedro Alvares
Portuguese explorer who reached and claimed Brazil accidentally in 1500 on a voyage to India.
Christopher Columbus
Italian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to China.
Hernan Cortes
Spanish explorer and conquistador who led the conquest of Aztec Mexico in 1519-1521 for Spain.
Aztec
Built their capital city at Tenochtitlan; increased their power until they dominated central Mexico; built causeways, pyramids, marketplaces, and palaces; ended when conquered by Spanish explorers in the 1500s.
Francisco Pizarro
Spanish explorer who conquered the Incas in what is now Peru and founded the city of Lima (1475-1541)
Mayan
People of Yucatan and Belize and Guatemala who had a culture (which reached its peak between AD 300 and 900) characterized by outstanding architecture and pottery and astronomy.
Treaty of Tordesillas
In 1494 an agreement between Portugal and Spain, declaring that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal.
Jacques Cartier
French explorer who explored the St. Lawrence river and laid claim to the region for France (1491-1557)
Constantinople
Capital of the Byzantine Empire, named after Constantine I. Sacked by the Turks in 1453.
Humanism
A Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements.
Cosimo de Medici
Rich and relatively powerful Florentine Banker who sponsored the Platonic Academy and other early renaissance establishments.
Platonic Academy
A discussion group sponsored by Cosimo de Medici and headed by Marsilo Ficino. It discussed the philosophies and ideals of Plato and his followers.
Marsilo Ficino
Headed the Platonic Academy in Florence. Cosimo de Medici was his Patron.
returning to the sources
Renaissance term that referred to the fixation with Ancient Greecan and Roman classics.
Johannes Gutenberg
German Goldsmith and inventor of the Printing Press. His most famous books are the Gutenberg bibles.
Scriptoria
A workshop in which documents were copied by hand for sale to upper and middle class.
Patrons
Rich upper or middle class people who would give money and support to artists and intellectuals
Leonardo Da Vinci
Italian painter, engineer, musician, and scientist. He made engineering and scientific observations that were in some cases centuries ahead of their time. As a painter he is best known for The Last Supper (c. 1495) and Mona Lisa (c. 1503).
Donatello
Italian sculptor renowned as a pioneer of the Renaissance style with his natural, lifelike figures, such as the bronze statue David.
Michelangelo
An Italian painter, sculptor, and architect. He sculpted the David and the Piet�, painted Sistine Chapel, and served as one of the architects of Saint Peter's Basilica, designing its famous dome. He is considered one of the greatest artists of all time.
Cesare Borgia
Served as the model for a ruthless ruler in Machiavelli's "The Prince".
Ospedale degli Innocenti
Inn 1445, the Florentine government opened this shelter to deal with the large with the large amounts of abandoned children.
Sandro Botticelli
One of the leading painters of the Florentine renaissance, developed a highly personal style. Painted The Birth of Venus and Springtime or Primavera.
Jan Van Eyck
Widely considered the greatest of the painters from the north countries. Attributed with the creation of oil painting.
Visual perspective
First mastered by Filippo Brunelleschi in the early 1440's. Important part of renaissance advancements to art.
Lorenzo Ghiberti
Headed the project to create a set of bronze doors for the baptistry of the cathedral in Florence. His "Gates of Paradise" showed old testament scenes created with sense of visual perspective that was considered revolutionary for the time.
Filippo Brunelleschi
Famous Italian architect who designed the dome for the cathedral in Florence.
Fat People
Term used by Florentines to describe 30% of the urban population, including wealthier merchant, the leading artisans, notaries, doctors and other professionals.
Little People
A term used by the Florentines to describe 60% of all households, the workers, small merchants and artisans.
Charles V
This was the Holy Roman Emperor that called for the Diet of Worms. He was a supporter of Catholicism and tried to crush the Reformation by use of the Counter-Reformation
95 Thesis
Written by Martin Luther in 1517, they are widely regarded as the primary catalyst for the Protestant Reformation. Luther displayed his displeasure with some of the Church's clergy's abuses, most notably the sale of indulgences.
Diet of Worms
A meeting summoned by Charles V that commanded Martin Luther to abandon his ideas. Luther refused and was branded an outlaw.
Huldrych Zwingli
A Catholic priest in Zurich. He was influenced both by the Christian humanism of Erasmus and by the reforms of Luther. He openly attached abuses in the Catholic Church. He wanted believers to have more control over the Church.
Colloquy of Marburg
Zwingli and Luther try to unite but it doesn't work because of different views. Remained divided forever. They disagreed about transubstantiation.
John Calvin
A religious reformer who believed in predestination (that God knows before a person is born whether they are going to heaven or hell) and a strict sense of morality for society.
Thomas Muntzer
A radical German Anabaptist who was a rebel leader during the Peasants' War of 1524-26. Luther despised him for his politicization of the Reformation, and they disagreed over several religious doctrines.
German Peasant's War
This was a massive rural uprising that threatened the entire social order of Germany. Inspired by Luthers writings. This eventually split the reform movement in the end the princes managed to defeat the peasants.
Menno Simmons
The moderate Anabaptist leader that founded the Mennonites. He set the example for future of Anabaptism.
Gymnasia
A school for boys. It was intended to prepare students for university study
The Jesuits
Founded by St. Ignatius of Loyola in the 1530s. The religious order grew tremendously and helped awake a renewed sense of zeal and discipline among laypeople. Their reform helped bring fallen-away Catholics back to the Church.
Henry VIII
Is famous for having been married six times, his desire to annul his marriage led to a conflict with the pope, England's break with the Roman Catholic Church, and its embrace of Protestantism. He established the Church of England in 1532.
Defender of the Faith
This title was awarded to King Henry VIII after writing the book "Defence of the Seven Sacraments".
Act of Supremacy, 1529
An Act of the Parliament of England under King Henry VIII of England declared that he was 'the only supreme head on earth of the Church in England'.
Catherine of Aragon
Henry VIII of England's first wife. Henry tried to have their twenty-four year marriage annulled in part because of her inability to produce male heirs.
Thomas Cramner
One of King Henry VIII's loyal servants who was also an archbishop of Canterbury.
Huguenots
This was the name of the French Protestants, more specifically French Calvinistic Protestants.
Schmalkaldic League
A group of Protestant princes in the Holy Roman Empire who vowed to defend each other's territories if Charles V were to attack.
Peace of Augsburg, 1555
Was a treaty signed between Charles V, and the Schmalkaldic League. It allowed the princes to choose to be either Lutheran or Catholic.
Council of Trent 1545-1563
It convened three times as a response to the reformation. It was to interpret the catholic church's doctrines regarding salvation, the sacraments, the biblical canon and creating a Mass that was to be used around the world.
Ignatius Loyola
The founder of the Jesuits.
Francis Xavier
He was an associate of St Ignatius of Loyola, with whom he took the vow founding the Society of Jesus (Jesuits). From 1541 he traveled through India, Japan, and the East Indies, making many converts.
Christian Humanists
These people were outraged by the abuse of power of the church and dreamed of ideal societies based on peace and morality. They also sought to realize the ethical ideals of the classical world.
Indulgence
This was a forgiveness of sin by performing certain religious tasks such as "going on pilgrimage, attending mass, doing holly works, or giving money. Used by the church in order to make a greater profit.
Martin Luther
A German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Chruch. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices.
Predestination
This was a theory by John Calvin which stated that God had ordained every man, woman, and child to salvation or damnation, even before the creation of the world. Therefore, no matter what one did in life it would not effect God's plan.
Anabaptists
These people believed that only adults could believe and accept baptism and therefore the baptism of infants was invalid. They considered themselves to be true Christians unblemished by sin and did not support violence but preferred peace and salvation.
Desiderius Erasmus
A Dutch scholar who was a representative of the Christian humanists. He dominated the humanist world of early sixteenth century Europe. He earned a reputation of being very dedicated to education reform.
Thomas More
He served loyally as a royal ambassador for King Henry the VIII. He became lord chancellor. However, tiring of court life and Henry's control over the clergy he resigned. He was executed for his criticism of the king.
Utopia
Written by Thomas More describes it describes an imaginary land which, was intended as a critique of his own society. This society was heaven compared to life in England as it was based on a system of equality.
Niccolo Machiavelli
(1469-1527) Wrote The Prince which contained a secular method of ruling a country. "End justifies the means.
Byzantine Empire
Historians' name for the eastern portion of the Roman Empire from the fourth century onward, taken from 'Byzantion,' an early name for Constantinople, the Byzantine capital city. The empire fell to the Ottomans in 1453.
Visconti
Established themselves as the dukes of Milan and extended their power over all of Lombardy. worked to build a strong centralized state.
Treaty of Lodi
1454, settled decades of warfare between the city states, established a balance of power between the major Italian city states and maintained relative stability in the peninsula for a half a century, the system collapsed in 1494 with the French invasion
Ferdinand and Isabella
The king and queen of Spain who gave Columbus the funds that he needed to find a route to Asia.
Converses
Jewish converts to Christianity in Spain
Auto da fe
A public confession which was one of the punishments if found guilty of practicing one's old religion and not Christianity, other punishments were anything from monetary fines to burning at the stake.
Pragmatic Sanction
1438, Charles Charles V of Austria's written document that allowed his daughter, Maria Theresa, to rule Austria and keep her land after her father dies.
The Ottoman Empire
Lead by Sultan Mehmed II, a serious threat to Christian Europe, declared a holy war and laid siege to Constantinople and won, earning Mehmed II the name of the "Conqueror".
Muscovy
A former principality in west-central Russia. Centered on Moscow, it was founded c. 1280 and existed as a separate entity until the 16th century, when it was united with another principality to form the nucleus of the early Russian empire.
Marco Polo
A Venetian merchant and traveler. His accounts of his travels to China offered Europeans a firsthand view of Asian lands and stimulated interest in Asian trade
Vasco da Gama
Portuguese explorer, the first European to reach India by sea sailing around the tip of Africa.
Ferdinand Magellan
Portuguese-born navigator. Hired by Spain to sail to the Indies in 1519. He was killed in the Philippines (1521). One of his ships returned to Spain (1522), thereby completing the first circumnavigation of the globe.
Pedro Alvares
Portuguese explorer who reached and claimed Brazil accidentally in 1500 on a voyage to India.
Christopher Columbus
Italian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to China.
Hernan Cortes
Spanish explorer and conquistador who led the conquest of Aztec Mexico in 1519-1521 for Spain.
Aztec
Built their capital city at Tenochtitlan; increased their power until they dominated central Mexico; built causeways, pyramids, marketplaces, and palaces; ended when conquered by Spanish explorers in the 1500s.
Francisco Pizarro
Spanish explorer who conquered the Incas in what is now Peru and founded the city of Lima (1475-1541)
Mayan
People of Yucatan and Belize and Guatemala who had a culture (which reached its peak between AD 300 and 900) characterized by outstanding architecture and pottery and astronomy.
Treaty of Tordesillas
In 1494 an agreement between Portugal and Spain, declaring that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal.
Jacques Cartier
French explorer who explored the St. Lawrence river and laid claim to the region for France (1491-1557)
Constantinople
Capital of the Byzantine Empire, named after Constantine I. Sacked by the Turks in 1453.
Humanism
A Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements.
Cosimo de Medici
Rich and relatively powerful Florentine Banker who sponsored the Platonic Academy and other early renaissance establishments.
Platonic Academy
A discussion group sponsored by Cosimo de Medici and headed by Marsilo Ficino. It discussed the philosophies and ideals of Plato and his followers.
Marsilo Ficino
Headed the Platonic Academy in Florence. Cosimo de Medici was his Patron.
returning to the sources
Renaissance term that referred to the fixation with Ancient Greecan and Roman classics.
Johannes Gutenberg
German Goldsmith and inventor of the Printing Press. His most famous books are the Gutenberg bibles.
Scriptoria
A workshop in which documents were copied by hand for sale to upper and middle class.
Patrons
Rich upper or middle class people who would give money and support to artists and intellectuals
Leonardo Da Vinci
Italian painter, engineer, musician, and scientist. He made engineering and scientific observations that were in some cases centuries ahead of their time. As a painter he is best known for The Last Supper (c. 1495) and Mona Lisa (c. 1503).
Donatello
Italian sculptor renowned as a pioneer of the Renaissance style with his natural, lifelike figures, such as the bronze statue David.
Michelangelo
An Italian painter, sculptor, and architect. He sculpted the David and the Piet�, painted Sistine Chapel, and served as one of the architects of Saint Peter's Basilica, designing its famous dome. He is considered one of the greatest artists of all time.
Cesare Borgia
Served as the model for a ruthless ruler in Machiavelli's "The Prince".
Ospedale degli Innocenti
Inn 1445, the Florentine government opened this shelter to deal with the large with the large amounts of abandoned children.
Sandro Botticelli
One of the leading painters of the Florentine renaissance, developed a highly personal style. Painted The Birth of Venus and Springtime or Primavera.
Jan Van Eyck
Widely considered the greatest of the painters from the north countries. Attributed with the creation of oil painting.
Visual perspective
First mastered by Filippo Brunelleschi in the early 1440's. Important part of renaissance advancements to art.
Lorenzo Ghiberti
Headed the project to create a set of bronze doors for the baptistry of the cathedral in Florence. His "Gates of Paradise" showed old testament scenes created with sense of visual perspective that was considered revolutionary for the time.
Filippo Brunelleschi
Famous Italian architect who designed the dome for the cathedral in Florence.
Fat People
Term used by Florentines to describe 30% of the urban population, including wealthier merchant, the leading artisans, notaries, doctors and other professionals.
Little People
A term used by the Florentines to describe 60% of all households, the workers, small merchants and artisans.