divine right
Absolute monarchs justified their rule by saying that God created the monarchy and the monarchy served as God's representative
absolute leader
When a one leader governs a nation single-handedly
King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella
Encouraged and funded many voyages of exploration and built up a substantial naval fleet to protect their new colonies and trade routes.
Charles V
Left Spain in a lot of debt.
Philip II
Gained a lot of money for Spain by taking advantage of the Spanish colonies.
Bourbon Dynasty
The dynasty in France at the time
Cardinal Richelieu
Catholic minister to the Bourbons who wanted to strengthen the French monarchy
Cardinal Mazarin
Catholic minister
Queen Elizabeth
promoted great exploration and expansion
James I
fought with Parliament over money
Charles I
started the English Civil War. Was captured, put on trial for treason, and executed
Hapsburg family
ruled over the Holy Roman Empire
Louis XIV
built Palace of Versailles
War of Spanish Succession
A war fought by England, Austria, the Dutch Republic, Portugal and several German and Italian states to prevent France from receiving the Spanish Throne left by Charles II. Britain won and acquired territory and power from the war.
Thirty Years War
A 30-year long war between the various ruling European families. It was between the Catholic Hapsburgs (Austria and Spain) and the Protestants (Protestant German Princes, France and the Czechs). The Hapsburgs were defeated.
Peace of Westphalia
Treaty that ended the 30 years war.
Maria Theresa
Austrian Queen; defended Austria and Silesia during War of Austrian Succession
Frederick the Great
Prussian King; Enlightened Despot; started War of Austrian Succession by occupying Silesia.
Seven Years' War
A War between Austria, France, Russia against Great Britain and Prussia. Fought mostly in the colonies. Britain won: they gained control of North America and gained total domination of India.
Ivan the Terrible
Russian Absolute Ruler
Peter the Great
Russian Monarch; helped westernize Russia through his many reforms, built St. Petersburg
Glorious Revolution
Overthrow of King James II. Brought William of Orange and Queen Mary to power. King James was overthrown because England did not want Catholic Kings.
King Charles II
The ruler during the Restoration, restored monarchy to England.
Petition of Rights
Limited the power of Charles I of England. However, Charles ignored this document after he signed it
Pragmatic Sanction
document that allowed the only daughter, Maria Theresa, of Charles VI to come to power